Pigmentation disorders

Pigmentation disorders are diseases associated with an excess or lack of melanin, or the presence of another endogenous or exogenous pigment.^[1]

Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation is an excess of melanin.

Ephelides, freckles – are sharply demarcated, yellowish or brown spots several mm in size. Rarely, they can also appear on the lips and oral cavity. It belongs to dominantly inherited deviations
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome – is an AD hereditary disease. It is manifested by intestinal polyposis and freckle-like pigmentation around the mouth and on the red lip.
Chloasma uterinum (melasma) are large, sharply defined, yellowish to yellowish-brown spots. They appear symmetrically on the temples and faces of girls and women. occurrence is determined by hormones, they often appear during pregnancy.
Poikilodermia Civatte is hyperpigmentation associated with telangiectasias. It occurs in middle-aged women on the lateral surfaces of the neck, probably after photodynamically acting substances.

after illnesses, mechanical, physical, chemical dermatitis, photodermatoses, psoriasis, lichen ruber, chronic eczema, atopic dermatitis, ...

Removal - various bleaching agents (unreliable) - hydrargium amidochloratum, hydrogen peroxide, ...

Hypopigmentation is a lack of melanin.

Leucoderma is secondary depigmentation at the site of healed skin disease manifestations. It usually retains the shape of the original efflorescences;
- lleukoderma psoriaticum, syphiliticum, …
Albinism is an AR hereditary disorder of the tyrosinase enzyme metabolism associated with a total or partial absence of melanin.

For more information see Albinism.

Vitiligo s a progressive chronic disease of unknown cause. It affects more women. Occurrence is often familial. It manifests itself as sharply defined white spots of various sizes, the edges of which have a "fan-like" hyperpigmentation. Hair may be bleached.

For more information see Vitiligo.

Dyschromia is hyperpigmentation caused by pigments other than melanin.

Hemosiderin pigmentation - hemosiderosis (capillaritis) is most often on the lower legs in varicose veins. It is a disease of unknown etiology manifested by itching, eczema and petechiae.
Bile dyes - manifested as jaundice.

For more information see Icterus.

Exogenously - argyrosis is a gray discoloration of mucous membranes after treatment with silver solutions. It first appears on the gingiva. Exogenous dyschromia also includes tattoos.

For more information see Dyschromia.

↑ PIZINGER, Karel. Dermatovenerologie. 1. edition. Plzeň : Euroverlag, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7177-985-8.