Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases
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Autoimmune diseases are diagnosed according to laboratory results, confirming a positive finding of autoantibodies against specific antigens using:
- immuno-enzymatic methods (ELISA)
- immunoblotting
- immunofluorescence
- immunoprecipitation
- immunoelectrophoresis
- agglutination (eg. for rheumatoid factor)
Non-organ-specific autoimmune antibodies
- RF – rheumatoid factor, positive in rheumatoid arthritis
- anti-CCP – IgG antibodies against cyclic citrulline peptide, 96% specificity for RA in combination with other clinical and laboratory findings
- ANAb – anti-nuclear antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus
- SMA - antibodies against smooth muscle, chronic active hepatitis
- ScMAB – antibodies against striated muscles
- GPCAb – antibodies against intrinsic factor
- anti-ENA – antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens, Sjögren's syndrome
- anti-dsDNA – antibodies against double-stranded DNA, SLE
- ACAb – antibodies against centromeres, Raynaud's syndrome, sclerodermia
Organ-specific autoimmune antibodies
Gastroenterological diagnostics
- anti-gliadin IgA, IgG – celiac disease
- anti-endomysial antibodies IgA, IgG – celiac disease
- anti-tTG IgA, IgG – antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, celiac disease
- ASCA – against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in up to 80% of patients with Crohn's disease
- anti-exocrine pancreas
- anti-goblet cells
- anti-cow milk
- serum calprotein
Hepatic diagnostics
- AMAb – anti-mitochondrial, 60-90% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
- anti-LKM 1 – antibodies against the enzyme especially in the liver. cells (Liver-Kidney-Microsome)
- liver blotting
Nephrological diagnostics
- ANCA – against neutrophil cytoplasm, occurrence in systemic necrotizing vasculitis and idiopathic rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
- ANCA profile
- anti-GBM – Goodpasture Syndrome
- anti-C1q – against the C1q component of complement, systemic lupus erythematosus
Cardiovascular diagnostics
- APLA IgG, IgM – antibodies against membrane phospholipids, antiphospholipid syndrome
- APLA profile
- AECA – antibodies against mitochondria
- anti-myocardium
Neurological diagnostics
- anti-Purkinje cells
- anti-neuronal
- anti-gangliosides IgG, IgM
- anti-MAG – anti-Myelin-Associated-Glycoprotein, anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy
- anti-inner ear
Dermatological diagnostics
- anti-desmosomes – pemphigus vulgaris
- anti-BM epidermis – bullous pemphigus
Reproductive diagnostics
- anti-ovarian
- anti-zona pellucida
- anti-sperm
