Neuroectoderm tumors

Neuroectoderm tumors are tumors arising from the neuroectoderm (ganglion cells, glia, Schwann cells, melanocytes)

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma - small cells arranged in rosettes

malignant gangliocytoma, sympathoblastoma

• malignant tumor of the, abdominal sympathetic nerve, adrenal medulla, retroperitoneum
• childhood tumor
• macroscopically brittle, soft, grayish-white, often bloody
• microscopically it consists of small round cells forming rosettes (Homer-Wright's) and containing neuroendocrine granules surrounded by neuronal protrusions, frequent necrosis and calcification
• the tumor produces catecholamine derivatives of vanillic acid, which serve as a marker
• liver and bone metastases
• estezioneuroblastoma = olfactory neuroblastoma.

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Pheochromocytoma - polymorphic cells, many capillaries

chromaffin paraganglioma

• benign (only about 10% malignant ), occurring in the adrenal medulla
• macroscopically soft, brown, well demarcated, perfused
• microscopically alveolar structure, polymorphic clogged cells, numerous capillaries
• produces catecholamines (causes paroxysmal Hypertension)
• paroxysms of hypertension are fatal to the patient

Chemodectomas

carotid glomus tumor, extraadrenal paraganglioma

• benign paraganglioma

Neuroma

Neurinoma acoustics - ovoid, well defined

Antoni A structure with seaming cores)

Antoni B myxomatous structure

neurilemoma, schwannom

• benigní
• macroscopically well demarcated, ovoid, in connection with the peripheral nerve, n. VIII
• microscopically double structure:

Antoni A − spindle cells, lined nuclei, their palisade-like arrangement is called Verocay's bodies.

Antoni B − myxomatous

• in the bridge area at n. VIII. dizziness, deafness, intracranial hypertension
• people with Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis have many neurofibromas under the skin on the peripheral nerves

Neurosarcoma

neurogenic sarcoma, malignant schwannoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor)

• malignant, limitless, recurrent
• if rhabdomyoblastic differentiation occurs, it is a so-called Triton tumor.

Intracranial neurogenic tumors

Meningioma

• benign, from soft meninges
• macroscopically gray, stiff, spherical, bordered, growing slowly, several cm
• oppresses the brain

Gliomas

• astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma – they are malignant due to their location (in the brain), they can metastasize by fluid pathways
• glioblastoma multiforme – highly malignant (within six months of death), malignant variant of the previous ones (astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma)
• medulloblastoma – malignant cerebellar tumor, children

References

References

References

• STŘÍTESKÝ, Jan. Patologie. 1. edition. 2001. ISBN 80-86297-06-3.

• STEJSKAL, Josef. Obecná patologie v poznámkách. 2. edition. Jinočany : H & H, 2001. ISBN 80-86022-86-2.

• POVÝŠIL, Ctibor – ŠTEINER, Ivo. Obecná patologie. 1. edition. Galén, c2011. ISBN 978-80-7262-773-8.