Leukocytes, classification, structure and function, leukogram

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WBC

Leukocytes – Classification, Structure, Function & Leukogram

Bottom Line Summary

Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend the body against infections and participate in immune responses. They are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes, each with unique structures and functions. A leukogram provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of these cells.

Classification

Leukocytes are divided into:

1. Granulocytes:

  - Neutrophils

  - Eosinophils

  - Basophils

WBC

2. Agranulocytes:

  - Lymphocytes

  - Monocytes

Granulocytes – Structure & Function

Neutrophils (50–70%):

- Multi-lobed nucleus, pale granules.

- Primary defense against bacteria via phagocytosis.

Eosinophils (1–4%):

- Bilobed nucleus, red-orange granules.

- Defense against parasites, involved in allergies.

Basophils (<1%):

- Dark granules with heparin & histamine.

- Participate in hypersensitivity reactions.

Agranulocytes – Structure & Function

Lymphocytes (20–40%):

- Dense round nucleus, thin cytoplasm.

- Types: T cells, B cells, NK cells.

- Adaptive immunity.

Monocytes (2–8%):

- Kidney-shaped nucleus.

- Differentiate into macrophages/dendritic cells.

- Phagocytosis & antigen presentation.

Leukogram

A leukogram (white blood cell profile) includes:

- Total WBC count

- Differential count (percentage of each type)

- Absolute values for each WBC type

- Morphological evaluation

Clinical relevance: infection, leukemia, allergic reactions, inflammation.

References

1. Ross & Pawlina – Histology: A Text and Atlas, 8th Ed.

2. Junqueira’s Basic Histology, 16th Ed.

3. Gartner & Hiatt – Color Textbook of Histology, 4th Ed.