Cancer epidemiology

It is a separate scientific field that collects and analyzes data related to the occurrence and mortality of malignant diseases.

Descriptive epidemiology[edit | edit source]

Describes data on the occurrence and mortality of individual tumors,
usually uses relative figures per 100,000 population,
concepts:
- incidence (number of new tumors),
- prevalence (number of tumors in a certain period of time),
- mortality (death rate).

They try to find causal connections in the description (e.g. smoking - lung cancer, stomach cancer - Japan...),
the number of tumors is increasing, the second place in mortality (after diseases of the cardiovascular system),
rise – lung cancer (today mainly in women, it is starting to decrease in men),
decrease – stomach cancer, cervical cancer (effective prevention),
persistent condition – mammary cancer,
in the Czech Republic, there is a high incidence of colorectal cancer, kidney cancer,
currently there is a decrease in lung cancer – in the 70s MI started at a younger age, people stopped smoking.
in which the Czech Republic leads,
- we have the most kidney cancers in the world (they do not have such a mortality rate, they are not talked about as much), as well as colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer,
- we are 1st in Europe in mortality from cancer of the body of the uterus and ovaries.

CAVE! - skin tumors are not counted here, non-melanoma skin cancer (C44) ranks first in incidence

Tobacco – 15-30% of tumors,
chronic infections 10-25%,
nutrition 30%,
other 5%,
tobacco – lungs, tongue + oral cavity, stomach, kidneys, cone, bladder, pancreas (?),
chron. infection – EBV (Burkitt's lymphoma), Helicobacter pylori, VHB, VHC, papillomaviruses,
ca stomach – it is famous in Japan – probably thanks to Sushi – raw meat (many infections),
99% of cervical cancers – papillomavirus.

Only 10% of tumors can be traced to a familial occurrence,
have some common features, occur at a younger age, are usually AD hereditary, are more often multifocal,
the most common hereditary tumors include:
- retinoblastoma – Rb gene mutation, bilateral retinoblastoma, more frequent bone sarcomas and breast and lung tumors,
- familial polyposis of the colon – mutation of the APC gene,
- Gardner's and Turcot's syndrome – polyposis of the GIT, cancer both in the colon and elsewhere (often medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland), it is a deletion on Chromosome 17 and 18,
- FAMMM (familial atypical multiple mole melanoma) syndrome – deletion on chromosome 1, dysplastic nevi and melanomas,
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome – family occurrence of breast cancer and other tumors (p53 defect),
- Lynch syndrome I (HNCPP – hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) – colon cancer without polyposis (repair defect),
- Lynch syndrome II – in addition to colon cancer, there are also other cancers (stomach, breast, endometrium, endocrine...),
- other – Wilms tumor, Neurofibromatosis, MEN sy, Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1, BRCA2 genes).