Burkholderia

The genus Burkholderia belongs to the so-called gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria , it belongs to this group together with the genus Burkholderia genera showing similar characteristics as this genus, they are the genus Pseudomonas and the genus Stenotrophomonas . Due to their common characteristics and traits, these genera can be put into context, in the medical sense, these genera are important mainly in terms of nosocomial diseases .

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the genus Burkholderia is constantly renewed, the current classification is as follows:

• class Betaproteobacteria ,
• Order of the Burkholderiales ,
• family Burkholderiaceae ,

• 

  genus Burkholderia ,
• The genus includes several species of bacteria, the most important of which include:
  • Burkholderia cepacia ,
  • Burkholderia mallei ,
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei .

Burkholderia cepacia

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Burkholderia cepacia
Burkholderiaceae
Burkholderia
Burkholderia cepacia
Morphology	G -
Cultivation	selective soils to exclude Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony growth, Burkholderia cepacia agar
Disease	nosocomial infections (especially of the respiratory tract, in patients with cystic fibrosis)
Diagnostics	cultivation of suitable biological material
Therapy	piperacillin, tazobactam , ceftazidime , carbapenems , fluoroquinolones
MeSH ID	D016956

Burkholderia cepacia is a bacterium originally parasitizing on garlic plants. It is currently gaining in importance as a causative agent of nosocomial infections . High resistance to hospital disinfectants such as Ajatin, Septonex or chlorhexidine makes it exceptional. The bacteria can bind atmospheric carbon dioxide and thanks to this property it can also multiply in distilled water. B. cepacia produces exo substances that damage macroorganisms.

It is especially dangerous for patients with artificial heart valves or vascular implants and for patients with cystic pulmonary fibrosis . Among other things, it contributes to infections of the urogenital tract of women caused by nosocomial transmission via a gel used for gynecological examination. Effective treatment has been demonstrated with piperacillin and its protected variants with tazobactam , as well as with ceftazidime , carbopenems or fluoroquinolones . Cultivation of Burkholderia cepacia is not demanding, but selective soils are used to exclude the growth of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony .

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the genus Burkholderia is constantly renewed, the current classification is as follows:

• class Betaproteobacteria
• order Burkholderiales
• family Burkholderiaceae
• genus Burkholderia

Burkholderia mallei

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Burkholderia mallei
Burkholderiaceae
Burkholderia
Colonies of Burkholderia mallei on blood agar
Morphology	Good bar
Relation to oxygen	strictly aerobic
Cultivation	common cultivation soils
Transmission	direct contact with a sick animal, inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosol
Incubation time	1-14 days
Disease	fever (acute, chronic)
Diagnostics	cultivation (in case of clinical suspicion, notify the laboratory in advance), serological and skin tests
Therapy	acute: carbapenems, ceftazidime, co-trimoxazole, fluoroquinolones, doxycycline; chronic: up to several months administration
MeSH ID	D042726

Burkholderia mallei - microscopically Burkholderia mallei is an exception among other genera, it is a stationary gram-negative rod. It occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics and can be brought to us from these areas. It causes a disease of solipeds called malleus . When transmitted to humans, it often has lethal consequences.

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderiaceae
Burkholderia
Colonies of Burkholderia pseudomallei on blood agar
Morphology	Good bar
Relation to oxygen	strictly aerobic
Cultivation	common cultivation soils
Virulence factors	polysaccharide case
Transmission	inhalation of contaminated dust, skin abrasion, ingestion of contaminated water
Occurrence	saprophytically in soil and water
Incubation time	2 days to several months
Disease	melioidosis (acute, subacute, chronic)
Diagnostics	cultivation (blood culture, pus, tissue), serology, skin tests
Therapy	severe: piperacillin, tazobactam, carbapenems, ceftazidime; lighter forms: chloramphenicol, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones
MeSH ID	D016957

Burkholderia pseudomallei is atypical of our destination, occurring mainly in the tropics and subtropics of Southeast Asia, but also in northern Australia. This bacterium causes melioidosis or pseudomalleus in humans and animals. The course of the disease can be different, asymptomatic, chronic and acute. Untreated melioidosis is 95% fatal .

Links

Related articles

• Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia
• Burkholderia cepacia
• Burkholderia mallei
• Burkholderia pseudomallei

References

• POVÝŠIL, Ctibor and Ivo ŠTEINER, et al. General pathology. 1st edition. Prague: Galén, 2011. 290 pp. Chapter 13: General Oncology. pp. 133-190. ISBN 978-80-7262-773-8 .

• VOTAVA, Miroslav, et al. Medical microbiology special. 1st edition. Brno: Neptun, 2003. 495 pp. Chapter 1.1: Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. pp. 29-37. ISBN 80-902896-6-5 .

• KAYSER, Fritz H. and Kurt A. BIENZ. Medical Microbiology. 1st edition. Germany: Thieme, 2005. 268 pp. 308-311. ISBN 9781588902450 .

• SEDLÁK, Kamil and Markéta TOMŠÍČKOVÁ. Dangerous infections of animals and humans. 1st edition. Prague: Scientia, 2006. 167 pp. 147-148. ISBN 80-86960-07-2 .

External links

• Burkholderia description
• Recent advances in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis
• Recent advances in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis
• The National Center for Biotechnology Information

Bacteria
G +	coke aerobic Micrococcus Micrococcus luteus Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equi facultatively anaerobic Enterococcus Enterococcus durans • Enterococcus faecalis • Enterococcus faecium Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae • Streptococcus mutans • Streptococcus pneumoniae • Streptococcus pyogenes • Streptococcus suis • Oral streptococci Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Staphylococcus intermedius • Staphylococcus saprophyticus anaerobic Peptococcus Peptococcus niger Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus anaerobius • Peptostreptococcus prevotii • Peptostreptococcus vaginalis sticks aerobic + facultative anaerobic Arcanobacter Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Bacillus Bacillus anthracis • Bacillus cereus Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Corynebacterium jeikeium • Corynebacterium ulcerans • Corynebacterium urealyticum Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Nocardia Nocardia asteroides • Nocardia brasiliensis Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equi anaerobic Actinomyces Actinomyces israeli • Actinomyces naeslundi Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium dentium Clostridium Clostridium botulinum • Clostridium difficile • Clostridium novyi • Clostridium tetani • Clostridium perfringens • Clostridium septicum • Clostridium ulcerans Lactobacillus Lactobacillus acidophilus Propionibacterium Propionibacterium acnes • Propionibacterium propionicus
Go	coke aerobic Acinetobacter Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Moraxella Moraxella catarrhalis • Moraxella lacunata Neisseria Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Neisseria meningitidis • Non-pathogenic species of Neisseria anaerobic Veillonella Veillonella alcalescens • Veillonella parvula cocobacilli aerobic Rickettsia Rickettsia prowazekii • Rickettsia rickettsii • Rickettsia typhi sticks aerobic Alcaligentes Alkaligentes feacalis Bartonella Bartonella bacilliformis • Bartonella henselae • Bartonella quintana Bordetella Bordetella bronchiseptica • Bordetella parapertussis • Bordetella pertussis Brucella Brucella abortus • Brucella canis • Brucella melitensis • Brucella suis Burkholderia Burkholderia cepacia • Burkholderia mallei • Burkholderia pseudomallei Francisella Francisella tularensis Legionella Legionella pneumophila Kingella Kingella denitrificans • Kingella kingae • Kingella oralis Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Pseudomonas fluorescens Stenotrophomonas Stenotrophomonas maltophilia facultatively anaerobic Actinobacillus Actinobacillus equli • Actinobacillus lignieresii Aeromonas Aermonas caviae • Aeromonas hydrophila • Aeromonas sobria Afipia Afipia felis Citrobacter Citrobacter freundi • Citrobacter koseri Eikenella Eikenella corrodens Enterobacter Enterobacter aerogenes • Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia Escherichia coli Haemophilus Haemophilus ducreyi • Haemophilus haemolyticus • Haemophilus influenzae • Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella Klebsiella granulomatis • Klebsiella oxytoca • Klebsiella pneumoniae Pasteurella Pasteurella haemolytica • Pasteurella multocida • Pasteurella ureae Plesiomonas Plesiomonas shigelloides Proteus Proteus mirabilis • Proteus vulgaris Salmonella Salmonella Enteritidis • Salmonella Typhi • Salmonella Paratyphi Serratia Serratia marcescens Shigella Shigella boydii • Shigella dysenteriae • Shigella flexneri • Shigella sonnei Vibrio Vibrio cholerae • Vibrio parahemolyticus Yersinia Yersinia enterocolitica • Yersinia pestis • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis microaerophilic Campylobacter Campylobacter coli • Campylobacter fetus • Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori anaerobic Bacteroides Bacteroides fragilis • Bacteroides vulgatus Fusobacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum • Fusobacterium nucleatum • Fusobacterium stabile Leptotricha Leptotricha buccalis Mobiluncus Mobiluncus curtisii • Mobiluncus mulieris Prevotella Prevotella melaninogenica Porphyromonas Porphyromonas gingivalis
acid resistant	sticks aerobic Mycobacterium Atypical mycobacteria • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Mycobacterium leprae
non-stainable G +/-	spiral strictly aerobic Leptospira Leptospira biflexa • Leptospira interrogans • Leptospira parva microaerophilic Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi • Borrelia hermsi • Borrelia recurrentis • Borrelia vincenti strictly anaerobic Treponema Non-pathogenic treponems • Treponema carateum • Treponema pallidum • Treponema phagedenis • Treponema pertenue
Portal: Microbiology

1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i jJump up to: BENEŠ, Jiří, et al. Infectious medicine. 1st edition. Galén, 2009. 651 pp. 261-262. ISBN 978-80-7262-644-1 .
2. ↑ BEDNÁŘ, Marek, Andrej SOUČEK and Věra FRAŇKOVÁ, et al. Medical microbiology: Bacteriology, virology, parasitology. 1st edition. Prague: Marvil, 1996. 558 pp.  ISBN 8594031505280 .