Psychological and social theories of mental illness

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund freud

• founder of psychoanalysis, a scientifically structured system for understanding mental illness
• dynamic personality strength – psychosexual energy = libido
• pregenital infantile sexuality – focused autoerotic
• development from childhood – oral, sadistic-anal, phallic and puberty
• libido can get stuck in a certain developmental stage, fixation gives a basis for perversions
• libido suppression – neurosis
• other mental life structures – Id, Ego, Superego
  • neurosa – confikt Ego and Id
  • psychotic disorders – disorders of the relationship between the ego and the environment
• treatment by shifting experiences from unconscious to conscious – psychoanalysis ( only limitedly )

Carl Gustav Jung

• Looking for a connection between personal experience and existence of all mankind

• Archetypes - allow an insight of individual fate

Carl Gustav Jung

• origin schizophrenia - experience of a strong affection that is equal to seeing the mythical medusa

Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler

• neurosa as a person's defense against the feeling of one's own worthlessness - a complex of inferiority

H.S Sullivan

• The basis of disorders is in the disorder of relationships between people

California school

• He also deals with interpersonal communication, theory of "double ties" - the emergence of schizophrenia is due to interpersonal communication in the family ("parents are always right, do not listen because he is lying")

Behavioural psychotherapy

• study of learning and behaviour process
• A neurotic patient has either not learned to the non -adaptive behaviour or is missing the correct formulas

Daseinsanalysis

• From the existential philosophy of psychiatrists from Germany, it emphasizes' 'unrepeatability and uniqueness of the human creature', the therapist seeks to empathize with the patient

Existential analysis

• emphasizes the desire for the meaning of life , in doubt about the meaning of existence arises, frustration, neurosis and depression

Humanist psychology

• tries to understand the inner experiences of an individual and teach him to control the recognized
• Personal development is in understanding and manifesting your feelings

Theory based on the studio of family interaction

Develops in the middle of the 20th century

• Family - a small group that is specifically different from other social groups
• Basic interaction - mother -network
• nuclear family
• Balance, sometimes at the cost of a "scapegoat" (scapegoat) - for example, one child is constantly angry, so parents solve his offenses and not disagreements with each other, it can play a role in the development of schizophrenia

Nexal family

• Examples of relationships in the family
• 

  Basic triangle: Father-Mother-Child. Relations between them run freely, freely, in all directions

• 

  Alienation of spouses. Both parents are emotionally attached only to the teenage child. The child begins to feel uncomfortable with the parents' excessive care and withdraws.

• 

  A mother has formed a strong emotional bond with a young child. Father stands aside. He tries to establish a relationship with the child, but at the same time he is jealous of them.

• closed to the world and the other
• Loss of autonomy of individual members, all must submit to the internal rules of the family
• Lack of individual and family perspectives, suppresses the development of children
• Development of the disease in a nexal family:
  1. Phase - The child is born with difficulty in expressing their needs, the family is not recognized, the family describes the child as good, trouble -free, but actually ignores its needs
  2. Phase - The child begins to have the need to show your own self, the effort to escape the family control, is assessed as a "evil" child, the family is looking for the blame outside (friends, school…)
  3. phase - an individual contrary to family standards is marked mad, the family gets rid of guilt and is looking for a problem outside, a vicious circle

Healthy family

• Communication is friendly, misunderstandings do not hide, discuss
• satisfies the emotional needs of the members, open to the incentives from the surroundings
• father and mother - natural authority, child has its own space
• Emotional responses permanent and certain
• It is clear to them that the meaning of life is in themselves

Theory of mental diseases based on social interaction

• Mental disease has a more pronounced character of social status
• Three Profit of Psychic Disease (Freud)
  • primary - anxiety regulation
  • secondary - changes in social situation, escape
  • tertiary - benefit for the surroundings (the possibility to care, regret, get rid of guilt)
• The patient's status brings
  • benefits - acquittal of duties, the patient is not responsible for his condition
  • sanctions - efforts to temporarily condition, treatment
• Psychiatric Stigma '

Links

Reference

• BENEŠ, Jiří. Studijní materiály [online]. [cit. 2010]. <http://jirben.wz.cz>.