LF1 Pathophysiology exam questions 2020

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  • The FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS are in BOLD
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GENERAL

1. Definitions: disease, symptom, syndrome, etiology, pathogenesis - explain using examples.

2. Role of biological rhythms and time in the pathogenesis of diseases; Mechanisms of Compensation and Decompensation, Insufficiency and Failure of functions - explain on examples

3. Tissue damage due to mechanical forces, crush syndrome.

4. Consequences of immobilization: whole body(organism) vs. immobilization of its parts

5. Damage to the human body caused by ionizing and UV radiation.

6. Pathogenesis of poisoning: cyanides, organophosphates, carbon monoxide, nitrates

7. Pathogenesis of poisoning: methanol and ethylene glycol, paracetamol, Amanita phalloides.

8. Pathophysiology of smoking

9. The effect of ethanol on the organism

10. Inheritance of pathological conditions and diseases; pathological variants of genes in the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, mosaicism

11. Multifactorial mechanisms in the development of pathological conditions, genetic polymorphism, penetration of genetic burden

12. Stress reaction and its phases

13. Cell damage in the pathogenesis of diseases: apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, proteinopathies

14. Tumor growth and tumor spread, interactions between tumor and organism, paraneoplastic syndromes

15. Congenital and acquired immune deficiencies

16. Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diseases, disorders of immune tolerance

17. Anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock


18. Inflammation - local and systemic signs of inflammation, SIRS, CARS, MODS


19. Sepsis and septic shock



20. Healing of damaged tissues, healing disorders

21. Regulation of intravascular and extravascular volume and osmolarity - pathophysiological aspects


22. Dehydration of the organism

isotonic dehydration


hypotonic dehydration


hypertonic dehydration


23. Hyperhydration of the organism, edema, ascites, hydrothorax

isotonic hyperhydration


hypotonic hyperhydration


hypertonic hyperhydration




24. Disorders of sodium and chloride balance

25. Disorders of potassium balance, ECG manifestations

26. Disorders of calcium and phosphate balance


27. Overview of acid-base balance disorders, compensation mechanisms


28. Acidemia and acidosis - definitions and examples


COPD


29. Alkalemia and alkalosis - definitions and examples


30. Hypoxia - classification, compensation, examples

Hypoxia


31. Tissue ischemia, reperfusion injury

Ischemia


32. Oxygen toxicity, princepals of oxygen therapy

33. Thermoregulation disorders, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, application of therapeutic hypothermia

34. Simple starvation vs stress starvation and selective protein malnutrition vs total caloric malnutrition. cachexia

35. Obesity and metabolic syndrome

36. Regulation of glycemia, causes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

37. Acute complications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

38. Chronic complications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

39. Dyslipidemias and their main consequences

40. Hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, paraproteinemia

41. Hyperuricemia, Gout.

42. Disorders of iron balance and distribution, iron deficiency and iron excess in the human body


43. Disorders of fetal development, growth disorders

44. Pathophysiology of aging, death of the organism

Pathophysiology of blood

45. Acute and chronic bleeding


46. ​​Anemia - definition and pathophysiological classifications


47. Anemia - functional consequences, compensatory mechanisms, anemic syndrome


48. Normocytic anemias


49. Microcytic anemias


50. Macrocytic anemias


51. Hemolytic disease of the newborn, common anemias in childhood, extramedullary hematopoiesis

52. Failure of hematopoiesis, aplastic crisis, aplastic anemia, myelophthisis, myelofibrosis

aplastic anemia


53. Polycythemia - classification by causes, hyper-viscosity syndrome

54. Acute and chronic leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome

55. Lymphomas and lymphoproliferative diseases

56. Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell-derived proliferative syndromes (MGUS, Wahlstrom’s hypergammaglobinemia)

57. Pathophysiology of posttransfusion complications and bone marrow transplantation, GvhD

58. Disorders of primary and secondary hemostasis



59. Thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies

Thrombocytopenia


Thrombocytopathy


60. Coagulopathies

Coagulopathy


61. Acute hematology - thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

62. Thrombophilias, risk factors for thrombosis


63. Pathophysiology of the spleen - splenomegaly, hypersplenism, consequences of splenectomy, anatomical v functional asplenia

Pathophysiology of the circulatory system

64. Primary and secondary hypertension



65. Acute and chronic consequences of systemic hypertension

66. Pulmonary hypertension

67. Portal hypertension

68. Increase in central, peripheral and pulmonary venous pressure

69. Collapse of circulation, circulatory shock - classification and phases of shock


phases of shock


70. Hypovolemic and distributional shock

hypovolemic shock


distributive shock


Table comparing different types of shock


71. Cardiogenic and obstructive shock



table comparing different types of shock


72. Thrombosis and thromboembolisms


73. Atherosclerosis


74. Venous insufficiency, disorders of lymphatic circulation

venous thrombus


lymphedema


Pathophysiology of the heart

75. Ischemic heart disease - basic clasifications (acute coronary syndrome, stable angina pectoris)




76. Myocardial ischemia - causes, manifestations, consequences


77. Acute myocardial infarction - types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis


78. Acute and chronic complications of myocardial infarction

79. ECG changes and mechanisms of their formation during ischemia and myocardial infarction



80. Arrhythmias - classification, causes and mechanisms of origin, circulatory consequences


81. Supraventricular arrhythmias


82. Atrioventricular blocks


83. Ventricular arrhythmias

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84. Causes and consequences of acute and chronic heart failure

85. Left-sided and right-side heart failure

86. Systolic and diastolic heart failure (with reduced and preserved ejection fraction)

87. Congenital heart defects

88. Acquired valve defects

89. Endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis

90. Cardiomyopathies

Pathophysiology of respiratory system

91. Ventilation - its regulation and disorders

92. Changes in the ventilation perfusion ratio, diffusion disorders

93. Obstructive vs restrictive lung disorders - comparison, causes, manifestations seen in spirometry


94. Dyspnoea - pathophysiological basis

95. Acute and chronic upper airway obstruction, sleep apnea syndrome


96. Atelectasis and collapse of the lungs, pneumothorax

97. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases

98. Genetic diseases - cystic fibrosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener's syndrome)

99. Bronchial asthma


https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases

100. Restrictive pulmonary disorders


https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases

101. Causes and consequences of acute and chronic respiratory failure, classification

102. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (acute respiratory distress syndrome, Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

103. Pulmonary edema, pneumonias

104. Pulmonary embolisms

105. Pleural diseases, pleural effusions

Pathophysiology of kidneys and urinary tract

Coiled: Nephrology https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcD7sq2YwW1PXC3ouczDlMG9mMA4w8Zl_



106. Definitions and examples of causes: oliguria, anuria, azotemia, uremia, polyuria, isostenuria, hypostenuria, hyperstenuria, dysuria

107. Disorders of glomerular functions, nephritic and nephrotic syndrome

108. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), phases of ATN

109. Tubulointerstitial nephritis

110. Proteinuria and hematuria

111. Acute renal injury (AKI) - prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal causes

112. Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, principle of dialysis

113. Renal endocrine disorders and renal osteopathy

114. Urolithiasis, disorders of the urinary tract and bladder

Pathophysiology of the digestive tract, liver and pancreas

115. Diseases of the oral cavity - of teeth, periodontium, salivation; manifestations of systemic diseases in the oral cavity

116. Swallowing disorders and esophageal passage disorders

117. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernias

118. Disorders of gastric secretion and motility, post-gastrectomy syndromes, postprandial syndromes.

119. Acute and chronic gastritis

120. Gastric and duodenal ulcers

121. Maldigestion, malabsorption, malabsorption syndromes

122. Celiac disease

123. Nonspecific Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis

124. Pathophysiological mechanisms of ileus, other causes of Acute Abdomen

125. Diarrhea, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Pseudomembranous Colitis

126. Constipation, Diverticulosis, Megacolon

127. Colonic polyps, Colorectal cancer

128. Gastrointestinal bleeding

129. Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas

130. Hepatitis, toxic and metabolic liver damage, liver steatosis, steatohepatitis

131. Liver Failure

132. Liver Cirrhosis

133. Jaundice

134. Cholestasis, Diseases of the Gallbladder and bile ducts

Pathophysiology of the endocrine system

135. The principle of negative feedback in endocrinology, Examples of glandular and receptor disorders

136. Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, Hypothalamus and pituitary gland diseases

137. Thyroid disorders, differences in children and adults

138. Hyperthyroidism

139. Hypothyroidism, goiter

140. Parathyroid disorders

141. Hyperaldosteronism, Conn's syndrome


142. Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

143. Hypercortisolism, Cushing's syndrome


144. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex, Addison's disease, Adrenogenital syndrome


145. Type 1 and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

146. Ovulation Disorders and Menstrual Disorders, Causes of Female infertility, Hirsutism and Virilization

147. Causes of Male infertility, Erectile dysfunction, Gynecomastia

Pathophysiology of the nervous system

148. Quantitative and Qualitative Disorders of Consciousness, Evaluation of the state of consciousness in children and adults, Brainstem reflexes




149. Short-term loss of consciousness - syncope and other causes

transient loss of consciousness, epileptic seizure vs. syncope


syncope classification


syncope vs. epileptic seizure


150. Coma, Vegetative state, Locked-in syndrome, Brain Death - comparison


151. Sleep Disorders: general classification, Obstructive sleep apnea


152. Stroke, Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Stroke


TIA


153. Pathophysiological mechanisms of Stroke (Cytotoxic Edema, Vasogenic Edema, Excitotoxicity, Vasospasm)

154. Ischemic stroke


155. Hemorrhagic stroke


156. CNS trauma (Commotion, Contusion, Epidural and Subdural hematoma)

157. Spinal Cord Injury, Lesions and Syndromes

158. Intracranial hypertension

159. Motor neuron Disorders, The Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

160. Peripheral neuropathy, Damage and Regeneration of peripheral nerves

161. Epilepsy - pathophysiological classification

Direct timestemps:

Epileptic seizure https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Epileptic_seizure

Epilepsy https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Epilepsy

Epileptogenesis https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/epileptogenesis

Status epilepticus https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Status_epilepticus

Play video from start:


162. Demyelination diseases, Multiple sclerosis

163. Basal ganglia diseases, Parkinson's disease

164. Disorders of the Vestibular system and cerebellum

165. Disorders of Cognitive functions, Dementia

166. Disorders of Hearing and Vision

167. Pain

Pathophysiology of connective tissues

168. Pathophysiology of bones - Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, Rickets


169. Arthritis and Arthrosis

170. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Scleroderma, Sjögren's Syndrome, Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis

171. Myopathies, Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, Rhabdomyolysis