Induction Effect

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The effect of the inductive effect on the selectivity of C-H bond activation

In molecules with covalent polar bonds, i.e. bonds where the difference electronegativity (Δx) is greater than 0.4, partial charges occur. A positive partial charge arises on an atom with a lower electronegativity, a negative partial charge on an atom with a higher electronegativity. In the HCl molecule, therefore, the positive partial charge arises on the hydrogen atom (x = 1), the negative partial charge on the chlorine atom (x = 2.8). The shift of electrons along the σ bond (sigma) is called the 'induction effect. There is a positive and negative induction effect.[1]

Positive induction effect[edit | edit source]

It occurs when the central atom of the functional group has a lower electronegativity than the carbon inside the chain. A positive induction effect is caused, for example, by the groups -PH2, -SiH3 or -SH.

ethyl mercaptan CH3δδ-←CH2δ-←SHδ+

Negative induction effect[edit | edit source]

It is caused by the higher electronegativity of the central atom of the group than the carbon inside the chain. Typical examples are halogens (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I), -OH, -NH2 or -NO.

1-chloropropane CH3δδδ+→CH2δδ+→CH2 δ+→Clδ-


Source[edit | edit source]

  • interpretation of the teaching staff of the Ecclesiastical Gymnasium in Pilsen

References[edit | edit source]

  1. {{#switch: book |book = Incomplete publication citation. BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. High School Chemistry: (General, Inorganic, Organic, Analytical, Biochemistry). Prague : SPN, 1999. 160 s. 978-80-7262-438-6. |collection = Incomplete citation of contribution in proceedings. BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. High School Chemistry: (General, Inorganic, Organic, Analytical, Biochemistry). Prague : SPN, 1999. 160 s. {{ #if: 8085937468 |978-80-7262-438-6} } |article = Incomplete article citation.  BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. 1999, year 1999,  |web = Incomplete site citation. BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. SPN, ©1999.  |cd = Incomplete carrier citation. BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. SPN, ©1999.  |db = Incomplete database citation. SPN, ©1999.  |corporate_literature = BANÝR, George and Paul BENEŠ. High School Chemistry: (General, Inorganic, Organic, Analytical, Biochemistry). Prague : SPN, 1999. 160 s. 978-80-7262-438-6} }