Enzyme cofactors

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Metal ions and trace elements

Cofactor	Examples of enzymes
Zn2+	Peptidases, alcohol dehydrogenase
Mg2+	ATP dependent enzymes, phosphohydrolases
Mn2+	Superoxide dismutase, arginase
Fe2+/ Fe3+	Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidases
Cu2+	Cytochrome oxidase, amino oxidase
Mo2+	Xanthine dehydrogenase

Organic substances

Cofactors of oxidoreductases

Cofactor	Default vitamin	Location/Function
NAD+, NADP+	Nicotinic acid	Respiratory chain, MK synthesis
FAD, FMN	Riboflavin (B2 )	Breathing Chain
Ubiquinone/ubiquinol		Respiratory chain
Hem		Cytochromes

Transferase Cofactors

Cofactor	Default vitamin	Location/Function
ATP, GTP	Thiamine (B1)	Transfer of a phosphate residue
TDP (thiamine diphosphate)	Thiamin (B1)	Transfer of carbon fragments (oxidative decarboxylation)
PALP (pyridoxal phosphate)	Pyridoxine (B6)	Transfer of −NH2 groups (transamination), decarboxylation of amino acids
THF (tetrahydrofolate)	Folate (folic acid)	Transfer of one-carbon fragments
CoA (coenzyme A)	Pantothenate	Acyl transfer
PAPS (phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate)		Sulfate transfer
SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)		Methylation
B12-complex	Cobalamin B12	Transfer of the CH3 group

Cofactors of lyases

Cofactor	Default vitamin	Location/Function
PALP (pyridoxal phosphate)	Pyridoxine (B6)	Decarboxylation

Cofactors of ligases

Cofactor	Default vitamin	Location/Function
ATP
Carboxybiotin	Biotin	CO2 transfer (carboxylation)