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| Cofactor |
Examples of enzymes
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| Zn2+ |
Peptidases, alcohol dehydrogenase
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| Mg2+ |
ATP dependent enzymes, phosphohydrolases
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| Mn2+ |
Superoxide dismutase, arginase
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| Fe2+/ Fe3+ |
Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidases
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| Cu2+ |
Cytochrome oxidase, amino oxidase
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| Mo2+ |
Xanthine dehydrogenase
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Organic substances
Cofactors of oxidoreductases
Transferase Cofactors
| Cofactor |
Default vitamin |
Location/Function
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| ATP, GTP |
Thiamine (B1) |
Transfer of a phosphate residue
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| TDP (thiamine diphosphate) |
Thiamin (B1) |
Transfer of carbon fragments (oxidative decarboxylation)
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| PALP (pyridoxal phosphate) |
Pyridoxine (B6) |
Transfer of −NH2 groups (transamination), decarboxylation of amino acids
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| THF (tetrahydrofolate) |
Folate (folic acid) |
Transfer of one-carbon fragments
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| CoA (coenzyme A) |
Pantothenate |
Acyl transfer
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| PAPS (phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate) |
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Sulfate transfer
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| SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) |
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Methylation
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| B12-complex |
Cobalamin B12 |
Transfer of the CH3 group
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Cofactors of lyases
| Cofactor |
Default vitamin |
Location/Function
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| PALP (pyridoxal phosphate) |
Pyridoxine (B6) |
Decarboxylation
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Cofactors of ligases
| Cofactor |
Default vitamin |
Location/Function
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| ATP |
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| Carboxybiotin |
Biotin |
CO2 transfer (carboxylation)
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