Development of human psyche

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Definition of human psyche

• The place where thoughts and emotions come from

Development of the psyche according to Freud

• Human personality develops as a composite of early childhood experiences → how these experiences are consciously and unconsciously processed within human developmental stages
• According to Freud there are 5 Stages of psychosexual development, unresolved conflicts can shape the personality in these stages
  • Oral (0-1,5yo): fixation on all things oral (if not satisfactory met, there is the likelihood of developing negative oral habits or behaviors);
  • Anal (1,5-3yo): developing healthy toilet training habits:
  • Phallic (3—5yo): development of healthy substitutes for the sexual attraction that boys and girls have towards a parent of the opposite gender;
  • Latency (5-12yo): development of healthy dormant sexual feelings for the opposite sex;
  • Genital (12-adulthood): all 4 previous stages are integrated into the mind, allowing for the onset of healthy sexual feelings and behaviors
    

Freud´s model of Superego, ID and Ego

• Superego: conscious level, where society and parental guidance are weighted against the ID
• ID: impulses and drives (unconscious: food, sex drive)
• Ego: Judgement and communication between superego and ID

Examples of disorders in early development of psyche

• Personality disorders:
  • Personality disorders have a genetic component, but as many other mental disorders their origin in multifactorial (i.e. nature vs nurture)
  • e.g. conduct disorder → antisocial personality disorder
• Dissociative identity disorder: due to abuse in early childhood, in the period where the personality is forming → a protective mechanism that leads to the splitting of the personality
• Reactive attachment disorder/disinhibited social engagement: disorders arising through neglect of the primary caregivers (i.e. mother/father)

Individual periods of life and important events

• Infancy
  • Infants develop and their psychological functions increase
  • social smile 2 months of age
  • they develop object permanence (they realize that the world is steady and persists even if they don´t pay attention to it, i.e. they can close their eyes and know that the object will still be there)
  • interaction with objects around them, categorizing them (part of development of the psyche)
  • highly dependent on the relationship with the caregiver (mother)
• Childhood
  • 2 until 12-13
  • 2 years old speak around 200 words → communication, thought processes
  • 4th year: most children can speak in adult-like sentences
  • Empathy, emotional world, moral compass develops
• Adolescence
  • 12-20
  • setting up hypotheses, rational evaluations (not taking things for granted)
  • control and direct their sex urges, first relationships
  • lessening of their emotional dependence on their parents → develop a mature set of values and responsible self-direction
• Adults
  • Midlife crisis: realize they cannot achieve everything and that time is limited
  • Menopause in women
  • in later ages: dependence on younger people

Links

• https://www.britannica.com/science/psychological-development/Adolescence