Defensive breathing reflexes

Defensive breathing reflexes protect the respiratory system from disruption that can occur when inhaling toxic or highly irritating substances. It serves primarily to keep the airways free. The basic defensive reflexes include: Kratschmer's apnoea reflex, sneezing, cough, etc.

Apnea reflex

Apnoea reflex is a respiratory arrest (apnoea) caused by an irritation of the olfactory apparatus by a severely irritating substance. In addition, reflex apnoea prevents aspiration of food when swallowing.

• Centripetal pathway: fibres of n. trigeminus from the nasal mucosa or fibres of n. olfactorius.
  
• Centre: respiratory centre (in the brainstem).
  
• Centrifugal pathway: fibres leading to the motoneurons of all respiratory muscles.

Sneezing

Sneezing

Sneezing (sternutatio) arises from irritation of the receptors of the nasal mucosa. Maintains passage nasal cavity. A larger amount of mucus irritates receptors and after a large inhalation with a strong exhalation, the cavity is released.

• ''Centripetal pathway: same as apnoea reflex.
  
• Centrum: respiratory centre.
  
• Centrifugal path: same as for the coughing reflex.

Cough

Cough (tussis) helps to keep loose passage airways. It is caused by the accumulation of mucus or inhalation of a foreign body that irritates receptors in the area of the [larynx]] and bifurcation of the trachea. After a large inhalation with a closed vocal slit, the pressure in the chest cavity rises, and after opening the slit, air flows along with the foreign body through the oral cavity away.

• Centripetal orbit: vagal fibres in n. laryngeus superior and sensory fibres in n. trigeminus.
  
• Centre: respiratory center.
  
• Centrifugal orbit:

1. motor fibers leading from the respiratory trunk to spinal motoneurons that control the intercostal muscles;
2. motor fibers n. vagus, controlling the vocal slit.

 For more information see Cough.

Other reflexes

• Among the defensive breathing reflexes, some authors include hiccups and yawning.

Hiccups

Yawning

Hiccup (singultus) arises from convulsive contractions diaphragm. It is induced reflexively (by irritation of the diaphragm) or materially (by direct irritation of the respiratory center). The characteristic hiccup sound is produced by the rapid intake of air into the lungs, which closes epiglottis.

Yawning

Yawning (oscitatio) is a common reflex characterized by prolonged inhalation through the open mouth followed by a short exhalation. It is not given special physiological importance, but is mainly associated with fatigue, cooling of the brain or empathy.

Links

Related Articles

• Defensive reflexes of breathing/Repetitorium
• Nervous regulation of breathing

Resources

• KITTNAR, Otomar. Lékařská fyziologie. 1. edition. Grada, 2011. 790 pp. ISBN 978-80-247-3068-4.

• TROJAN, Stanislav. Lékařská fyziologie. 3. edition. Grada, 1999. ISBN 80-7169-788-5.

• MYSLIVEČEK, Jaromír. Základy neurověd. 2. edition. Triton, 2009. 390 pp. ISBN 978-80-7387-088-1.