Lung ventilation, volumes, and measurement
Overview of ventilation[edit | edit source]
Ventilation is the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere via conducting passages. Several terms are used to describe ventilation that are based on the root pnoea (breathing) and various prefixes:
| Eu- | Good (resting respiration) |
| Tachy- | Fast rate (volume unchanged) |
| Brady- | Slow rate (volume unchanged) |
| Dys- | Difficult (short of breath) |
| Ortho- | Upright (dyspnea happens while lying flat) |
| A- | Not (stop in breathing) |
| Hyper- | Increased rate and volume |
| Hypo- | Decreased rate and volume |
Spirometrical Parameters[edit | edit source]
A spirometer measures pressure differences to find air flow velocity and then calculate inspired and expired volumes of air. These, in turn, are used to find several important parameters.
Static volumes[edit | edit source]
Static volumes depend on alveolar space and can inform about possible restrictive diseases.
Tidal volume: amount of air that flows into the lungs during normal inspiration or out of them during expiration ~500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume that is inspired during maximal effort, ~ 3 L.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume that is expired after maximal effort, ~ 1.7 L.
Residual volume (RV): Air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort, ~1.2 L. Useful to keep airways inflated, so that gas exchange proceeds continuously. Must be found via methods other than spirometry:
Volume of distribution (ex. helium dilution): Helium of known concentration is released from a container of known volume into the lungs from after complete exhalation. The difference in measured concentration will allow one to calculate the extra space (RV) over which the gas became distributed.
Static capacities[edit | edit source]
Static capacities are sums of above volumes
Inspiratory capacity (IC): Maximum inhaled air after normal expiration; IC = TV+ IRV
Vital capacity (VC): Maximum inspiration and after maximum expiration, ~ 5L.
- VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Expiratory capacity: EC = TV+ERV
Functional residual capacity (FRC): The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration. FRC = ERV + RV
Total lung capacity: The maximum volume the lungs can contain, ~ 6L.
- TLC = VC + RV
Dynamic volumes[edit | edit source]
Dynamic volumes depend on airflow in the airways and can inform about obstructive or restrictive diseases.
One-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1): maximum volume forcibly expired after max. possible inspiration over one second. Decreases a lot in obstructive diseases.
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): maximum volume that can be exhaled after max. inhale. Decreases a lot in restrictive diseases.
Tiffeneau index: FEV1/FVC ~ 0.7-1.0
See external graph for Tiffeneau index and also for a comparison of obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases
References[edit | edit source]
Boron, W. and Boulpaep, E., 2017. Medical physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp.600-605.
Costanzo, L., 2019. Physiology - Board Review Series. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, p.116-117.
