WikiLectures - Recent changes [en]

Properties of colloid particles

185.176.138.121 — Tue, 10 Nov 2026 10:25:43 GMT

Created page with "'''Colloidal particles''' are small particles dispersed in a continuous medium. Colloidal dispersions have characteristic physical, optical, and electrical properties that distinguish them from true solutions and coarse dispersions. == 1. Physical Properties == '''Brownian motion''' Colloidal particles undergo random movement due to collisions with molecules of the surrounding medium. This movement helps keep particles dispersed. '''Sedimentation''' Colloidal particl..."

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'''Colloidal particles''' are small particles dispersed in a continuous medium. Colloidal dispersions have characteristic physical, optical, and electrical properties that distinguish them from true solutions and coarse dispersions.

== 1. Physical Properties ==
'''Brownian motion'''

Colloidal particles undergo random movement due to collisions with molecules of the surrounding medium. This movement helps keep particles dispersed.

'''Sedimentation'''

Colloidal particles sediment slowly under gravity because of their small size and thermal motion. Centrifugation can accelerate sedimentation.

According to '''Stokes' law''', the sedimentation velocity of spherical particles is:

* '''v = 2(ρ − ρ0)gr^2 / (9η)''' where:
** '''v''' = sedimentation velocity
** '''ρ''' = particle density
** '''ρ0''' = medium density
** '''r''' = particle radius
** '''η''' = dynamic viscosity
** '''g''' = gravitational acceleration

== 2. Optical Properties ==
'''Tyndall Effect'''

Colloidal particles scatter light passing through a dispersion. This phenomenon is called the Tyndall effect.

The intensity of scattered light depends on particle size and concentration.

'''Nephelometry''' measures scattered light and is used in medical laboratories to determine concentrations of plasma proteins.

== 3. Membrane Permeability ==
Colloidal particles generally cannot pass through semipermeable membranes that allow smaller ions and molecules to pass.

This property is used in:

* '''Dialysis:''' Separation of small dissolved substances from larger colloidal particles.
* '''Ultrafiltration:''' Separation using membranes and pressure differences.
* '''Hemodialysis:''' Removal of waste substances and excess fluid from the blood in patients with kidney failure.

== 4. Electrical Properties ==
'''Electric Double Layer'''

Colloidal particles may develop an electric double layer consisting of:

# A surface layer of adsorbed ions.
# A diffuse layer containing oppositely charged ions.

'''Zeta Potential'''

Zeta potential is the electrokinetic potential associated with the particle's electric double layer.

A high absolute zeta potential generally increases colloidal stability because electrostatic repulsion prevents particles from aggregating.

'''Coagulation'''

When electrostatic repulsion is sufficiently reduced, colloidal particles may aggregate into larger particles and eventually sediment.

== Medical Importance ==
Colloidal properties are important in medicine, particularly in:

* Blood plasma proteins and their behavior in solution.
* Dialysis and ultrafiltration.
* Laboratory measurements using light scattering.
* Stability of biological and pharmaceutical colloidal dispersions.

== References ==
Jirák D, Vítek F. ''Basics of Medical Physics''. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press; 2017. Chapter 2.4.2, pp. 54–60.

Law of Laplace

185.176.138.121 — Tue, 10 Nov 2026 10:22:16 GMT

Created page with "The '''Law of Laplace''' describes the relationship between the '''pressure difference across a curved membrane, its radius of curvature, and wall tension'''. It is particularly important in physiology for understanding the mechanical properties of blood vessels and pulmonary alveoli. == Principle of Laplace's Law == The pressure difference across a curved membrane is related to its wall tension and radii of curvature: '''ΔP = T(1/R1 + 1/R2 )''' where: * '''ΔP''' =..."

New page

The '''Law of Laplace''' describes the relationship between the '''pressure difference across a curved membrane, its radius of curvature, and wall tension'''. It is particularly important in physiology for understanding the mechanical properties of blood vessels and pulmonary alveoli.

== Principle of Laplace's Law ==
The pressure difference across a curved membrane is related to its wall tension and radii of curvature:

'''ΔP = T(1/R1 + 1/R2 )'''

where:

* '''ΔP''' = pressure difference across the membrane (Pa)
* '''T''' = wall tension (N/m)
* '''R1, R2''' = principal radii of curvature (m)

For a '''cylindrical structure''', such as a blood vessel, the equation becomes : '''ΔP = T/R'''

For a '''spherical structure''', such as an idealized alveolus, the equation becomes : '''ΔP = 2T/R'''

According to Laplace's law, a larger radius requires greater wall tension to withstand the same pressure difference.

== Applications in Medicine ==

=== 1. Blood Vessels ===
Laplace's law explains the relationship between blood vessel radius and wall tension.

* '''Large arteries''' require stronger walls because their larger radius produces greater wall tension at the same pressure.
* '''Capillaries''' can withstand relatively high internal pressure despite their thin walls because of their small radius.
* '''Aneurysms:''' An increase in vessel radius increases the wall tension required to withstand the internal pressure, contributing to the risk of further dilation and rupture.

=== 2. Pulmonary Alveoli ===
Laplace's law is important for understanding the mechanics of breathing.

For an idealized spherical alveolus: '''ΔP = 2T/R'''

* Smaller alveoli require greater pressure to overcome a given surface tension.
* During inhalation, the radius of the alveoli increases.
* '''Pulmonary surfactant''' reduces surface tension, helping prevent alveolar collapse and making lung inflation easier.

== References ==
Jirák D, Vítek F. ''Basics of Medical Physics''. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press; 2017. Chapter 2.6.2, pp. 64–66.

Bernoulli equation, equation of continuity

185.176.138.121 — Tue, 10 Nov 2026 10:19:34 GMT

Created page with "The '''Bernoulli equation''' and the '''equation of continuity''' are fundamental principles of fluid mechanics. They describe the relationship between the '''pressure, velocity, and cross-sectional area''' of a flowing fluid. These principles are important for understanding fluid movement, including blood flow in the circulatory system. == Equation of Continuity == The '''equation of continuity''' is based on the principle of conservation of mass. For an incompressible..."

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The '''Bernoulli equation''' and the '''equation of continuity''' are fundamental principles of fluid mechanics. They describe the relationship between the '''pressure, velocity, and cross-sectional area''' of a flowing fluid. These principles are important for understanding fluid movement, including blood flow in the circulatory system.

== Equation of Continuity ==
The '''equation of continuity''' is based on the principle of conservation of mass. For an incompressible fluid flowing steadily through a tube, the volume entering the tube per unit time must equal the volume leaving it.

The '''volume flow rate (Q)''' is defined as: '''Q = ΔV / Δt'''

where ΔV is the volume of fluid passing through a cross-section during the time interval Δt.

The flow rate can also be expressed as: '''Q = A × v'''

where:

* '''Q''' = volume flow rate (m³/s)
* '''A''' = cross-sectional area (m²)
* '''v''' = flow velocity (m/s)

Therefore, the equation of continuity is: '''A1v1 = A2v2'''

This means that the product of cross-sectional area and flow velocity remains constant. When the cross-sectional area decreases, the velocity increases, and vice versa.

== Bernoulli Equation ==
The '''Bernoulli equation''' describes the conservation of mechanical energy in a flowing ideal fluid. It applies to steady, incompressible, frictionless flow along a streamline.

The equation is expressed as : '''p +''' '''1/2ρv^2 + ρgh = constant'''

where:

* '''p''' = fluid pressure (Pa)
* '''ρ''' = fluid density (kg/m³)
* '''v''' = flow velocity (m/s)
* '''g''' = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
* '''h''' = height (m)

The equation consists of three terms:

* '''p:''' pressure energy per unit volume
* '''1/2ρv^2:''' kinetic energy per unit volume
* '''ρgh:''' gravitational potential energy per unit volume

According to Bernoulli's principle, the sum of these three terms remains constant along a streamline under ideal conditions.

For horizontal flow, where the height remains constant, the equation simplifies to : '''p +1/2ρv^2 = constant'''

Therefore, an increase in fluid velocity is accompanied by a decrease in static pressure.

== Application in Medicine ==
These principles help explain '''blood flow through blood vessels'''. According to the equation of continuity, blood velocity increases when the cross-sectional area of a vessel decreases, assuming constant volume flow rate.

Bernoulli's principle also helps explain pressure changes associated with variations in flow velocity. It is particularly relevant to the assessment of blood flow through narrowed vessels and heart valves.

However, blood is a viscous fluid, and energy losses occur during circulation. Therefore, these equations provide an idealized description of blood flow.

== References ==
Jirák D, Vítek F. ''Basics of Medical Physics''. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press; 2017. Chapter 2.6.1, pp. 63–64.

Phase states of matter

185.176.138.121 — Tue, 10 Nov 2026 10:12:04 GMT

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 The particles of matter are in continuous and irregular motion known as '''thermal motion'''. The character of this motion and the interactions between particles differ between individual phases. In solids, for example, particles mainly vibrate and rotate around their equilibrium positions.
-=== Gaseous phase ===
+== Gaseous phase ==
 The gaseous phase may consist of individual atoms, such as in noble gases, elemental molecules such as oxygen (O₂), or compound molecules such as carbon dioxide (CO₂).
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Mixtures of gases are homogeneous. A common example is '''air''', which consists of several different gases.
-=== Ideal gas ===
+== Ideal gas ==
 An '''ideal gas''' is a simplified model of a gas. It assumes that:
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 At constant volume ('''V = constant''') : '''p/T = constant'''

Histology MCQs/Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:11:50 GMT

typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 4 November 2026
Line 43:		Line 43:
	{What forms the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix of primary bone?		{What forms the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix of primary bone?
	\|type="()"}		\|type="()"}
	- type I collagen fibrils		+ type I collagen fibrils
	- type I collagen fibers		- type I collagen fibers
	\|\|it is necessary to distinguish between the terms fiber and fibril.		\|\|it is necessary to distinguish between the terms fiber and fibril.
Line 92:		Line 92:
	{What are interstitial lamellae?		{What are interstitial lamellae?
	\|type="()"}		\|type="()"}
	- remnants of partially resorbed Haversian systems		+ remnants of partially resorbed Haversian systems
	- lamellae formed by the periosteum and surrounding the entire bone		- lamellae formed by the periosteum and surrounding the entire bone
	- small lamellae surrounding Volkmann's canals		- small lamellae surrounding Volkmann's canals

Histology MCQs/Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:10:48 GMT

new test

New page

<quiz display="simple">

{How is cartilage supplied with nutrients from the blood?
|type="()"}
- an ''a. nutritia'' enters the cartilage and branches into a rich capillary network
- an ''a. nutritia'' enters the cartilage and branches into a sparse capillary network
- capillaries branching from arterioles of the perichondrium enter the cartilage
+ cartilage is avascular and is supplied by diffusion from the perichondrium

{What is the name of the proteoglycan that forms the basis of a large molecular complex responsible for the mechanical properties of cartilage?
|type="()"}
+ aggrecan
- hyalectan
- perlecan
- chondronectin

{What forms the fibrillar component of the extracellular matrix of elastic cartilage?
|type="()"}
- type I collagen and elastic fibers
+ type II collagen and elastic fibers
- type II collagen
- elastic fibers

{What forms the fibrillar component of the extracellular matrix of fibrocartilage?
|type="()"}
+ type I and type II collagen
- type I collagen
- type III collagen
- type II and type III collagen

{Which type of cartilage forms the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
|type="()"}
- hyaline cartilage
- parenchymal cartilage
- elastic cartilage
+ fibrocartilage

{What forms the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix of primary bone?
|type="()"}
- type I collagen fibrils
- type I collagen fibers
||it is necessary to distinguish between the terms fiber and fibril.
- type II collagen fibrils
- type II collagen fibers

{What is the fate of most osteoblasts after they have produced a sufficient amount of extracellular matrix?
|type="()"}
- transformation into an osteoblast
- transformation into an osteocyte
+ apoptosis
- necrosis

{What is osteoid?
|type="()"}
- immature bone extracellular matrix that does not yet contain a fibrous component
+ immature bone extracellular matrix that has not yet been mineralized
- resorbed bone in which only the organic component has so far been degraded
- resorbed bone in which only the mineral component has so far been degraded

{What form does the inorganic component of the bone extracellular matrix take?
|type="()"}
- calcium bicarbonate crystals
- calcium carbonate crystals
+ hydroxyapatite crystals
- gypsum crystals

{What are the two forms of lamellar bone?
|type="()"}
- chondrogenic and desmogenic bone
+ compact and spongy bone
- primary and secondary bone
- fibrous and plate-like bone

{What are Sharpey's fibers?
|type="()"}
+ bundles of collagen fibers extending from the periosteum into the bone
- bundles of collagen fibers running within the endosteum
- processes of osteocytes
- trabeculae of trabecular bone

{What are interstitial lamellae?
|type="()"}
- remnants of partially resorbed Haversian systems
- lamellae formed by the periosteum and surrounding the entire bone
- small lamellae surrounding Volkmann's canals
- lamellae of complete Haversian systems

{Long bones develop by remodeling a cartilaginous bone model. Which type of cartilage forms the cartilaginous model of long bones?
|type="()"}
+ hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- it depends on the particular bone

{In the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate, chondrocytes produce a type of collagen characteristic of this zone. Which one?
|type="()"}
- type III collagen
- type IV collagen
- type VII collagen
+ type X collagen

{Which type of tissue connects two bones in symphyses?
|type="()"}
- hyaline cartilage
+ fibrocartilage
- lamellar bone
- woven bone

</quiz>

== Links ==
* List of all tests: [[Histology MCQs]]
* [[Portal:Histology]]

[[Category:Histology]]

Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:06:54 GMT

typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:06, 4 November 2026
Line 46:		Line 46:
	\|type="()"}		\|type="()"}
	- type II collagen		- type II collagen
	- type III collagen		+ type III collagen
	\|\|''note: In older texts, the term reticulin is sometimes used.''		\|\|''note: In older texts, the term reticulin is sometimes used.''
	- aggrecan		- aggrecan

Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 12:01:36 GMT

new test

New page

<quiz display="simple">

{Which connective tissue cells produce extracellular proteoglycans?
|type="()"}
+ fibroblasts
- mast cells
- plasma cells
- resting macrophages

{Mast cell granules containing the proteoglycan serglycin stain more purple or red than blue with toluidine blue. What is this phenomenon called?
|type="()"}
+ metachromasia
- metaplasia
- metonymy
- metaphor

{Plasma cells are the terminal stage of differentiation of a certain cell type that circulates in the blood for some time. Which one?
|type="()"}
- T lymphocyte
+ B lymphocyte
- NK cell
- monocyte

{Which type of collagen anchors the epithelial basement membrane to the loose collagenous connective tissue located beneath the epithelium?
|type="()"}
- type I collagen
- type II collagen
- type IV collagen
+ type VII collagen

{The proper function of certain enzymes (hydroxylases) involved in the post-translational modification of newly synthesized type I collagen requires the presence of a certain vitamin. Which one?
|type="()"}
- vitamin A
+ vitamin C
- vitamin D
- vitamin E

{Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes involved in the continuous degradation of collagen in the extracellular matrix. Which cells produce these matrix metalloproteinases?
|type="()"}
- heparinocytes
- fibroblasts
- mast cells
+ macrophages

{What is the main protein component of reticular fibers?
|type="()"}
- type II collagen
- type III collagen
||''note: In older texts, the term reticulin is sometimes used.''
- aggrecan
- laminin

{A special staining method can be used to demonstrate elastic fibers. Which one?
|type="()"}
- Alcian blue staining
- silver impregnation
+ orcein staining
- PAS reaction

{Glycosaminoglycans are usually produced in the Golgi apparatus, but one glycosaminoglycan is produced by an enzyme complex located in the cell membrane. Which one?
|type="()"}
+ hyaluronic acid
- dermatan sulfate
- heparan sulfate
- heparin

{What is fibronectin?
|type="()"}
- a growth factor stimulating fibroblast proliferation
- a protein stabilizing elastic fibers
+ a multiadhesive glycoprotein
- a structural proteoglycan

{The classification of connective tissue into loose and dense connective tissue is based on the concentration of a certain type of molecule. Which molecule is it?
|type="()"}
- type III collagen
+ type I collagen
- perlecan
- water

{Internal organs usually have a connective tissue capsule. What type of connective tissue usually forms this capsule?
|type="()"}
- elastic connective tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- dense regular collagenous connective tissue
+ dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

{What type of connective tissue are aponeuroses composed of?
|type="()"}
- elastic connective tissue
- loose collagenous connective tissue
+ dense regular collagenous connective tissue
- dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

{The lipid droplet of an adipocyte is dissolved during standard histological tissue processing and therefore appears empty. Special procedures, for example embedding in a water-soluble resin, can preserve the lipid. How can the lipid be stained in such preparations?
|type="()"}
- the lipid is eosinophilic
- the lipid can be demonstrated immunohistochemically
- the lipid can be demonstrated by silver impregnation
+ the lipid can be demonstrated using a Sudan dye

{The mitochondria of brown adipose tissue are characterized by the expression of a specific protein. Which one?
|type="()"}
- hyaluronan synthase complex
- acid phosphatase
- Na/K ATPase
+ UCP-1

</quiz>

== Links ==
* List of all tests: [[Histology MCQs]]
* [[Portal:Histology]]

[[Category:Histology]]

Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 11:53:22 GMT

new test

New page

<quiz display="simple">

{Which type of collagen takes place inside the basement membrane of epithelia?
|type="()"}
- type I collagen
- type II collagen
- type III collagen
+ type IV collagen

{Which type if intermediate filaments is a hallmark of epithelial cells?
|type="()"}
+ keratins
- vimentin
- desmin
- GFAP

{What is main shape of cells in the intermediary layer of planar epithelia?
|type="()"}
- columnar
+ polygonal
- kuboid
- squamous

{Which type of epithelia is adapted to facing a chemically aggresive environment?
|type="()"}
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium
+ simple columnar epithelium
- trabecular epithelium

{Epithelium lining striated ducts of big salivary glands has well-developed balas labyrinth. Which function is performed by the structure?
|type="()"}
+ tuning of ionic composition of the saliva
- secretion of antibodies to the saliva
- reabsorption of glucose from the saliva
- sensing of pH of the produced saliva

{Hepatocytes (epithelial cells of liver) in the periportal area are more basophilic. Which function is connected with the basophilicity?
|type="()"}
- storage of glucose in the glycogen
+ endocrine secretion of proteins
- exocrine secretion of proteins
- storage of vitamin A

{Which type of cytoskeleton is responsible for maintaining the shape of the unit of the brush border on the apical pole of, e.g., enterocytes?
|type="()"}
- microtubules
+ actin filaments
- vimentin filaments
- fibrils of type II collagen

{Polarity of epithelial cells is maintained by the action of one type of cell adhesion, despite the main function of the cell adhesion is to prevent paracellular transportation. Which cell addhesion is it?
|type="()"}
- adherent junction
+ tight junction
- gap junction
- desmosome

{Which motor protein ensures the beating of cillia in pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium?
|type="()"}
- kinesin
- myosin
+ dynein
- aktin

{The picture is a schematic drawing of germinal epithelium in the seminiferous tubule in testis. Sertoli cells (7) are surrounded by sperms in different developmental stages. Which morphological type describes the shape of Sertoli cells the best?

[[Image:Germinal epithelium testicle.svg|left|400px]]

|type="()"}
- trabecular epithelium
+ simple columnar epithelium
- stratified columnar epithelium
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium

{Reticular epithelium is uncommon. In the adult body, it occur in one organ only. Which one?
|type="()"}
- bone marrow
- lymph none
+ thymus
- spleen

{Goblet cells are columnar epithelial cells occuring esp. in the respiratory passages and in the intestine. Their function is mainly production of mucus. There is no one mucus, mucus in the respiratory passages is based on mucin 5AC, mucus in the intestine is based on mucin 2. Which method can distinguish respiratory and intestinal goblet cells?
|type="()"}
+ immunohistochemistry
- silver impregnation
- PAS reaction
- alcian blue

{Squamous (squamocellular) carcinoma is a malignant cancer of epidermis. During the diagnostic procedure, proof of intermediate filaments related to keratinocytes (epithelial cells of epidermis) may be helpful. Which type of intermediate filaments should be detected?
|type="()"}
+ keratins 5 and 6
- vimentin
- desmin
- GFAP

{Parakeratosis is a pathological remodelation of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium. The hallmark of parakeratosis is an incomplete maturation of keratinized layer. The most striking morphological feature is that one organelle remains even in the keratinized layer. Which organele is it?
|type="()"}
- desmosome
+ cell nucleum
- hemidesmosome
- keratin filaments

{Simple cuboidal epithelium of a proximal tubule of kidney reabsorbs (a.o.) glucose from the newly formed urine. If the concentration is high, glucose can be stored in those cells as granules of glycogen in the basal part of the cell. Presence of huge amount of glycogen in those cells is called Armani Ebstain laesion. How to prove that those granules are composed of glycogen?
|type="()"}
+ PAS reaction
||''note: Presence of Armani Ebstain laesion is only a weak proof of death in hyperglycaemia; this test has probably low [[Sensitivity]].''
- Feulgen reaction
||''note: Presence of Armani Ebstain laesion is only a weak proof of death in hyperglycaemia; this test has probably low [[Sensitivity]].''
- Sudan III staining
||''note: Presence of Armani Ebstain laesion is only a weak proof of death in hyperglycaemia; this test has probably low [[Sensitivity]].''
- alcian blue staining
||''note: Presence of Armani Ebstain laesion is only a weak proof of death in hyperglycaemia; this test has probably low [[Sensitivity]].''

</quiz>

== Links ==
* List of all tests: [[Histology MCQs]]
* [[Portal:Histology]]

[[Category:Histology]]

Histology MCQs/Cell (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 11:11:58 GMT

form..

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:11, 4 November 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	<quiz>		<quiz display="simple">


	{A biological membrane is composed of several types of molecules. Which of those molecules is mainly responsible for the lipophilic environment inside the membrane?		{A biological membrane is composed of several types of molecules. Which of those molecules is mainly responsible for the lipophilic environment inside the membrane?
	\|type="()"}		\|type="()"}

Histology MCQs/Cell (2026/27)

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 11:10:00 GMT

new test

New page

<quiz>

{A biological membrane is composed of several types of molecules. Which of those molecules is mainly responsible for the lipophilic environment inside the membrane?
|type="()"}
- cholesterol
+ phospholipids
- integral proteins
- oligosaccharides

{What is called the current model of a cell membrane, which describes its structure and behavior?
|type="()"}
+ fluid mozaic model
- paucimolecular model
- SIRS model
- Hodgkin-Huxley model

{Which molecules can pass a cell membrane by simple diffusion is a sufficient amount?
|type="()"}
- water
- sodium and potassium
- small proteins
+ oxygen and carbon dioxide

{Which molecule is usually an immediate source of energy for active transportation?
|type="()"}
- NADPH
+ ATP
- glucose
- GTP

{Which cell organelle contains circular DNA?
|type="()"}
- cell nucleus
+ mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- peroxisomes

{Which part of the mitochondria does contain enzymes of the respiratory chain?
|type="()"}
- outer mitochondrial membrane
- intermembranous space
+ inner mitochondrial membrane
- mitochondrial matrix

{Which cell organelle is responsible for the main part of a post-translational modification of proteins?
|type="()"}
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
+ Golgi apparatus
- peroxisomes

{What is the pH inside a lysosome?
|type="()"}
+ low
- neutral
- high
- it depends on a processed material

{Accumulation of ribosomes affects the stainability of the region of cytoplasm. How is the stainablility of the cytoplasm rich on ribosomes?
|type="()"}
+ it is basophilic
- it is eosinophilic
- it is weekly stained
- it is metachromatic

{How is called the RNA transfering the information about the newly formed protein from the nucleus to the ribosome?
|type="()"}
- rRNA
+ mRNA
- tRNA
- snRNA

{Which type of cytoskeleton needs an organizig center from which all fiber grows?
|type="()"}
- microfilaments
+ mikrotubules
- actin filaments
- intermediate filaments

{Free actin molecules are called G actin. How are called actin molecules embedded into microfilaments?
|type="()"}
- M actin
+ F actin
- L actin
- μ actin

{What is the main function of dynein?
|type="()"}
- dynein is a motor protein moving toward the + end of a microtubule
+ dynein is a motor protein moving toward the - end of a microtubule
- dynein is a motor protein moving toward the + end of a microfilament
- dynein is a motor protein moving toward the - end of a microfilament

{Which type of cytoskeleton can be associated with desmosomes?
|type="()"}
- mikrotubules
- mikrofilaments
+ intermediate filaments
- cytokeratin filaments

{Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a cytostatic drug belonging to taxans. It can be used for treatment of cancers of, e.g., the breast or prostate. Paclitaxel is toxic for dividing cells. Mechanism of action is interaction with the cytoskeleton. Use your knowledge and above-mentioned information and decide which protein is affected by paclitaxel.
|type="()"}
- myosin II
+ β tubulin
- lamin A/C
- desmin

</quiz>

== Links ==
* List of all tests: [[Histology MCQs]]
* [[Portal:Histology]]

[[Category:Histology]]

Histology MCQs

Formol — Wed, 04 Nov 2026 11:02:38 GMT

+ new tests

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:02, 4 November 2026
Line 3:		Line 3:
	Collection of tests similar to MCQs used as the final exam at 1st Faculty of Medicine.		Collection of tests similar to MCQs used as the final exam at 1st Faculty of Medicine.

	~~== General Histology ==~~
	== General Histology ==		== General Histology ==
	* [[Histology MCQs/Histological Technique\|Histological Technique (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Histological Technique\|Histological Technique (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Cell\|Cell Biology (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Cell\|Cell Biology (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Cell and Technique (2023/24)\|Cell and Technique (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Cell and Technique (2023/24)\|Cell and Technique (2023/24)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Cell (2026/27)\|Cell Biology (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue\|Epithelial Tissue (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue\|Epithelial Tissue (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)\|Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)\|Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue\|Connective Tissue ((2022/23))]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2026/27)\|Epithelial Tissue (2026/27)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue\|Connective Tissue (2022/23)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue (2026/27)\|Connective Tissue (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)\|Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)\|Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)\|Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis (2023/24)\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2023/24)]]

	== Special Histology ==		== Special Histology ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:02, 4 November 2026
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	Collection of tests similar to MCQs used as the final exam at 1st Faculty of Medicine.		Collection of tests similar to MCQs used as the final exam at 1st Faculty of Medicine.

	~~== General Histology ==~~
	== General Histology ==		== General Histology ==
	* [[Histology MCQs/Histological Technique\|Histological Technique (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Histological Technique\|Histological Technique (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Cell\|Cell Biology (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Cell\|Cell Biology (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Cell and Technique (2023/24)\|Cell and Technique (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Cell and Technique (2023/24)\|Cell and Technique (2023/24)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Cell (2026/27)\|Cell Biology (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue\|Epithelial Tissue (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue\|Epithelial Tissue (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)\|Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)\|Epithelial Tissue (2023/24)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue\|Connective Tissue ((2022/23))]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Epithelial Tissue (2026/27)\|Epithelial Tissue (2026/27)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue\|Connective Tissue (2022/23)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Connective Tissue (2026/27)\|Connective Tissue (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)\|Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)\|Tissues of Mesenchymal Origin (2023/24)]]
			* [[Histology MCQs/Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)\|Cartilage and Bone (2026/27)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2022/23)]]		* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2022/23)]]
	* [[Histology MCQs/Blood and Hematopoiesis (2023/24)\|Blood and Hematopoiesis (2023/24)]]

	== Special Histology ==		== Special Histology ==