{"warnings":{"main":{"*":"Subscribe to the mediawiki-api-announce mailing list at <https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-api-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/> for notice of API deprecations and breaking changes."},"expandtemplates":{"*":"Because \"prop\" was not specified, a legacy format has been used for the output. This format is deprecated, and in the future the new format will always be used."}},"expandtemplates":{"*":"== Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Toward Regional Specific Neural Precursors ==\nHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are self-renewing pluripotent cells that have the capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. This potentiality represents a promising source to overcome many human diseases by providing an unlimited supply of all cell types, including cells with neural characteristics.\n\n\n\n# <references />Buzzard JJ, Gough NM, Crook JM et al. Karyotype of human ES cells during extended culture. Nat Biotechnol 2004;22:381\u2013382.</noinclude>\n# <references />Heins N, Englund MC, Sj\u00f6blom C et al. Derivation, characterization, and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. STEM CELLS 2004;22:367\u2013376.</noinclude>\n# <references />Reubinoff BE, Pera MF, Fong CY et al. Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: Somatic differentiation in vitro. Nat Biotechnol 2000;18:399\u2013404.</noinclude>\n# <references />Carpenter MK, Inokuma MS, Denham J et al. Enrichment of neurons and neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Exp Neurol 2001;172:383\u2013397.</noinclude>\n# <references />Trounson A. The production and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Endocr Rev 2006;27:208 \u2013219.</noinclude>\n# <references />Polito A, Reynolds R. NG2-expressing cells as oligodendrocyte progenitors in the normal and demyelinated adult central nervous system. J Anat 2005;207:707\u2013716.</noinclude>\n# <references />McKinnon RD, Waldron S, Kiel ME. PDGF alpha-receptor signal strength controls an RTK rheostat that integrates phosphoinositol 3\ufffd-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma pathways during oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurosci 2005;25:3499 \u20133508.</noinclude>\n# <references />Ivkovic S, Canoll P, Goldman JE. Constitutive EGFR signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitors leads to diffuse hyperplasia in postnatal white matter. J Neurosci 2008;28:914 \u2013922.</noinclude>\n# <references />Erceg S, Lainez S, Ronaghi M et al. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to regional specific neural precursors in chemically defined medium conditions. PloS ONE 2008;3:e2122.</noinclude>\n# <references />Kang SM, Cho MS, Seo H et al. Efficient induction of oligodendrocytes from human embryonic stem cells. STEM CELLS 2007;25:419\u2013424.</noinclude>\n# <references />Nistor GI, Totoiu MO, Haque N et al. Human embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes in high purity and myelinate after spinal cord transplantation. Glia 2005;49:385\u2013396.</noinclude>\n# <references />Izrael M, Zhang P, Kaufman R et al. Human oligodendrocytes derived from embryonic stem cells: Effect of noggin on phenotypic differentiation in vitro and on myelination in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007;34:310\u2013323.</noinclude>\n# <references />Li XJ, Hu BY, Jones SA et al. Directed differentiation of ventral spinal progenitors and motor neurons from human embryonic stem cells by small molecules. STEM CELLS 2008;26:886\u2013893.</noinclude>\n# <references />Cho MS, Lee YE, Kim JY et al. Highly efficient and large-scale generation of functional dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:3392\u20133397.</noinclude>\n# <references />Elkabetz Y, Panagiotakos G, Al Shamy G et al. Human ES cell-derived neural rosettes reveal a functionally distinct early neural stem cell stage. Genes Dev 2008;22:152\u2013165.</noinclude>"}}