Nephrotic Syndrome in Children

In nephrotic syndrome is typically presented:
 * 1) nephrotic proteinuria > 1 g/m2/day,
 * 2) hypoproteinemia - albumin usually < 25 g/l, based on protein loss to urine,
 * 3) hypercholesterolemia - based on increased lipoprotein synthesis (caused by hypoproteinemia),
 * 4) edema - based on increased naturism resorption in tubules.

Symptomes
Edemas have sudden beginning, localization: eyelids, ankles, scrotum or anasarca. Ascites might be presented too. It is connected with weight gain. In some cases edema can be presented by diarrhea (intestinal edema) or pulmonary edema or pulmonary effusion. Blood pressure should be normal (compare with PSAGN!). Generalized weakness.

Diagnostic

 * complete history and physical examination (previous pharyngitis → PSAGN, gastroenteritis → HUS, present edema, petechiae, hypertension ...)
 * confirmation of presence proteinuria (is necessary repeat urinalysis)
 * protein/creatinine ratio (from first morning urine sample), if P/C ratio is > 0,5, other evaluation is necessary:
 * serum electrolytes analysis, creatinine clearance, serum levels of cholesterol, total protein, albumin
 * streptozyme, C3, C4, ASLO analysis
 * renal ultrasonography

Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

 * 1) Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is the most often cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood (80% of nephrotic syndrome).
 * 2) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is the 2nd most often cause of NS (10% of patients), its presentation is very similar to MCNS.
 * 3) Membranous nephropathy is quite rare in childhood, it is cause of 1% NS, it is more in adolescents and children with systemic infections (hepatitis B, syphilis, malaria...)
 * 4) Congenital nephrotic syndrome