Neuroectoderm tumors

Neuroectoderm tumors are tumors arising from the neuroectoderm (ganglion cells, glia, Schwann cells, melanocytes)

Neuroblastoma
malignant gangliocytoma, sympathoblastoma
 * malignant tumor of the, abdominal sympathetic nerve, adrenal medulla, retroperitoneum
 * childhood tumor
 * macroscopically brittle, soft, grayish-white, often bloody
 * microscopically it consists of small round cells forming rosettes (Homer-Wright's) and containing neuroendocrine granules surrounded by neuronal protrusions, frequent necrosis and calcification
 * the tumor produces catecholamine derivatives of vanillic acid, which serve as a marker
 * liver and bone metastases
 * estezioneuroblastoma = olfactory neuroblastoma.

Pheochromocytoma
chromaffin paraganglioma
 * benign (only about 10% malignant ), occurring in the adrenal medulla
 * macroscopically soft, brown, well demarcated, perfused
 * microscopically alveolar structure, polymorphic clogged cells, numerous capillaries
 * produces catecholamines (causes paroxysmal Hypertension)
 * paroxysms of hypertension are fatal to the patient

Chemodectomas
carotid glomus tumor, extraadrenal paraganglioma
 * benign paraganglioma

Neuroma
neurilemoma, schwannom
 * benigní
 * macroscopically well demarcated, ovoid, in connection with the peripheral nerve, n. VIII
 * microscopically double structure:
 * Antoni A − spindle cells, lined nuclei, their palisade-like arrangement is called Verocay's bodies.
 * Antoni B − myxomatous


 * in the bridge area at n. VIII. dizziness, deafness, intracranial hypertension
 * people with Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis have many neurofibromas under the skin on the peripheral nerves

Neurosarcoma
neurogenic sarcoma, malignant schwannoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, MPNST (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor)
 * malignant, limitless, recurrent
 * if rhabdomyoblastic differentiation occurs, it is a so-called Triton tumor.

Meningioma

 * benign, from soft meninges
 * macroscopically gray, stiff, spherical, bordered, growing slowly, several cm
 * oppresses the brain

Gliomas

 * astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma – they are malignant due to their location (in the brain), they can metastasize by fluid pathways
 * glioblastoma multiforme – highly malignant (within six months of death), malignant variant of the previous ones (astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma)
 * medulloblastoma – malignant cerebellar tumor, children