Portal:Questions for final examination in anatomy (1. LF UK, GM)

Skeleton and its Connections

 * 1) Structure and types of bones, innervation and blood supply of bone Osteogenesis, ossification, remodeling and growth of bone
 * 2) Connection of bones, structure and types of joints
 * 3) The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures
 * 4) Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages
 * 5) Skull, skull of neonate and its development
 * 6) Vertebrae, vertebral column and its development, connections, curvatures and motility Craniovertebral joint
 * 7) Skeleton of thorax and its development, connections and motility of ribs Temporomandibular joint - structure and motility
 * 8) Development and growth of limb, molecular mechanisms, limb defects
 * 9) Shoulder joint – structure and movements
 * 10) Elbow joint – structure and movements
 * 11) Bones and joints of hand including reading of X-ray images
 * 12) Bony pelvis as complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences
 * 13) Hip joint - structure, movements, developmental dysplasia of hip
 * 14) Knee joint - structure, biomechanics, movements
 * 15) Talocrural and subtalar joints - structure, movements
 * 16) Bones and joints of foot including reading of X-ray images, plantar arches and their support

Muscles, Fascias, Osteofascial Compartments

 * 1) Origin and development of muscles, molecular mechanisms
 * 2) General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures (motor end plate, motor unit, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ), motor and proprioceptive innervation
 * 3) Muscles and fascias of the head
 * 4) Muscles and fascias of the neck (draw transverse section of the neck)
 * 5) Muscles and fascias of thorax, diaphragm – structure, passages, function, innervation, diaphragmatic hernias
 * 6) Muscles of abdominal wall, fascias, function
 * 7) Inguinal canal (draw scheme), inguinal hernias
 * 8) Pelvic floor muscles, perineal muscles, ischioanal fossa, pelvic fascias (draw frontal section of pelvis)
 * 9) Muscles and fascias of back
 * 10) Muscles of shoulder girdle, fascias, axillary fossa
 * 11) Muscles and fascias of arm and forearm (draw transverse sections)
 * 12) Muscles and fascias of hand (draw transverse section), tendon sheaths, carpal canal
 * 13) Muscles and fascias of hip
 * 14) Muscles and fascias of thigh, femoral triangle, popliteal fossa
 * 15) Muscles, fascias and compartments of leg and foot (draw transverse sections)

Gastrointestinal Tract

 * 1) General anatomy (macro and micro) of intestinal tube
 * 2) Microscopic structure of the teeth and their development
 * 3) Macroscopic structure of the teeth, fixation, gingivodental junction, innervation and vascular supply, Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion
 * 4) Tongue, structure, intra- and extraglosseal muscles, vascular supply, innervation
 * 5) Soft and hard palate, muscles of soft plate (draw scheme), isthmus of fauces Palate development, Cleft Defects
 * 6) Salivary glands - structure, syntopy, innervation
 * 7) Pharynx – structure, syntopy, blood supply, innervation
 * 8) Nasal, palatine and lingual tonsills structure (Waldeyer circuit)
 * 9) Oesophagus – structure (macro and micro), syntopy
 * 10) Stomach – shape, position, syntopy, projections
 * 11) Stomach – structure of the wall, divisions, vascular supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, Development of oesophagus, stomach and duodeum
 * 12) Small inestine – structure, divisions, vascular supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage Duodenum – divisions, positions, syntopy (draw scheme), blood supply
 * 13) Large intestine, structure, divisions (draw scheme), syntopy, vascular supply, innervation, positions of vermiform appendix
 * 14) Development of small and large intestine, intestinal rotation
 * 15) Pancreas – structure, Langerhans islets, syntopy
 * 16) Liver – segments, syntopy (draw scheme of visceral surface)
 * 17) Liver – structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts
 * 18) Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (draw scheme)
 * 19) Development of pancreas and liver
 * 20) Rectum and anal canal - structure, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply, sphincters and their innervation
 * 21) Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum
 * 22) Lesser sac (omental bursa), its recesses
 * 23) Development of visceral situs and mesentery

Respiratory system

 * 1) Nasal cavity, choanae, vascular and nerve supply
 * 2) Paranasal sinuses and their syntopy, their development
 * 3) Larynx - cartilagines, ligaments, joints, muscles (draw frontal section)
 * 4) Larynx – position and syntopy, vascular and nerve supply (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet)
 * 5) Trachea - description, structure, syntopy (draw scheme), tracheotomy
 * 6) Bronchi, bronchial tree - structure, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, syntopy
 * 7) Lungs – description, syntopy, bronchopulmonary segments
 * 8) Internal structure of lungs – alveoli and their microscopic structure, surfactant, development and maturation of lungs
 * 9) Lungs – description, syntopy, borders and projection onto thoracic wall, vascular and nerve supply, lymphatics
 * 10) Pleura – visceral and parietal, structure, borders of pleura, pleural dome and recesses (draw scheme), innervation Mechanics of respiration, pneumothorax

Urinary and Reproductive System

 * 1) Development of urinary system
 * 2) Kidney – description, position, syntopy (draw scheme), birth defects
 * 3) Structure of kidney – cortex, medulla, nephron, envelopes
 * 4) Vascualr supply of kideny, segments
 * 5) Renal calices, pelvis, ureter – syntopy
 * 6) Urinary bladder – structure and position, fixation and syntopy in male and female (draw scheme)
 * 7) Male and female urethra – description, its parts, hypospadia
 * 8) Development of reproductive system
 * 9) Testis and epididymis
 * 10) Scrotum and coverings of testis, descent of testis and its defects
 * 11) Vas (ductus) deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles
 * 12) Prostate - structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts
 * 13) Penis – structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection
 * 14) Ovary – structure and position, ovarian cycle, vascular supply, extrauterine gravidity, infertility, IVF Uterine (Fallopian) tube - structure, divisions, position, vascular supply
 * 15) Uterus – shape and divisions, structure of wall, endometrial cycle, vascular supply, lymphatics,
 * 16) Uterus – position, fixation, syntopy, birth defects
 * 17) Vagina – structure and syntopy (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section)
 * 18) External female genital organs, perineum

Heart

 * 1) Heart - description, prenatal and postnatal circulation
 * 2) Heart development and its common birth defects
 * 3) Cardiac wall arrangement, cardiac skeleton, chambers (draw section through ventricles)
 * 4) Endocardium, cardiac valves - structure and function, auscultation heart points, cardiac skeleton (draw scheme)
 * 5) Conducting system of the heart- structure and function
 * 6) Coronary arteries, veins and nerves, coronarography
 * 7) Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points Epicardium and pericardium – structure, syntopy, pericardial reflections around roots of the great vessels, pericardial puncture (pericardiocentesis)

Arteries

 * 1) Vascular development, structure of arteries, veins, lymphatic vessel, collateral circulation
 * 2) Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta (course, syntopy, branches)
 * 3) Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery
 * 4) External carotid artery - course, syntopy, branches
 * 5) Subclavian artery - course, syntopy, branches
 * 6) Arteries of upper extremity - course, syntopy, branches
 * 7) Abdominal aorta, position, topographic relations, parietal and visceral branches
 * 8) External and internal iliac artery
 * 9) Arteries of lower extremity - course, syntopy, branches
 * 10) Anatomical background for vessel punctures, pressure points, palpation

Veins

 * 1) Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, jugular veins
 * 2) Internal jugular vein - course and tributaries
 * 3) Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, cerebral veins
 * 4) Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, Cavocaval Anastomoses
 * 5) Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses
 * 6) Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval (portosystemic) anastomosis
 * 7) Superficial and deep veins of upper and lower extremities

Lymphatic System

 * 1) Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function
 * 2) Lymph node – structure and functional zones, sentinel lymph node, lymphatic tissue in organs, main lymphatic ducts
 * 3) Spleen – structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply
 * 4) Lymph nodes and collectors of head and neck
 * 5) Lymph nodes and collectors of thoracic wall and lungs
 * 6) Lymph nodes and collectors of stomach, liver and pancreas
 * 7) Lymph nodes and collectors of intestines,
 * 8) lymph nodes and collectors of testis
 * 9) Lymph nodes and collectors of vagina, uterus and ovaries
 * 10) Lymph nodes and collectors of upper and lower limbs

Central Nervous System – CNS

 * 1) Neural tube development and its differenatiation, defects of neural tube closure
 * 2) Spinal cord segments, positional changes of cord (vertebromedullar topography), cauda equina
 * 3) Spinal cord – structure of gray and white matter, cross section (draw scheme) Medulla oblongata and pons – gray and white matter, draw cross sections Floor of rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme)
 * 4) Mesencephalon (midbrain) - gray and white matter, draw cross section Reticular formation
 * 5) Cerebellum – structure, subdivision and functional organization, nuclei and afferent connections Intrinsic and efferent connections of cerebellum and their function
 * 6) Diencephalon – structure, subdivision and functional organization
 * 7) Thalamus – nuclei, afferent and efferent connections of main nuclei, their function Hypothalamus – subdivisions, connections and function
 * 8) Anatomical background of hypothalamohypophyseal regulation
 * 9) Basal ganglia, their connections and function, parkinsonism
 * 10) Main functional areas of cerebral cortex
 * 11) White matter of hemispheres - association and commissural fibers, internal capsule (draw scheme of tracts in internal capsule)
 * 12) Ventricular system of brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor, hydrocephalus
 * 13) Meninges, vascular supply of spinal cord, lumbar puncture
 * 14) Brain vessels and blood-brain barrier, brain dysfunctions related to inadequate blood supply via particular blood vessels brain damage due to vascular occlusion
 * 15) Lemniscal system (dorsal column tract), proprioceptive and tactile sensation, sensory loss in spinal cord lesions
 * 16) Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts – (spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts), pain pathways
 * 17) Corticospinal (pyramidal) and corticonuclear tract
 * 18) Motor pathways in spinal cord and motor deficiencies in spinal cord lesions
 * 19) Auditory pathway
 * 20) Visual pathway and visual cortical areas
 * 21) Olfactory and gustatory pathway, olfactory nerve
 * 22) Limbic system – connections and function (cortical areas, hippocampal formation, amygdalar complex)
 * 23) Neurotransmitters in the CNS, main brain chemical systems

Peripheral Nervous System – PNS

 * 1) Neural crest cells and their differentiation
 * 2) Ventral and dorsal spinal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, draw general structure of the spinal nerve and its branches, autonomic fibers of spinal nerve
 * 3) Segmental innervation, radicular areas, dermatomes, Head ́s zones (zones of reffered visceral pain), sensory receptors, peripheral nerve regeneration
 * 4) Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus
 * 5) Infraclavicularis portion of brachial plexus (draw scheme) and upper limb innervation
 * 6) Radial and axillary nerve, paralysis of them
 * 7) Median and ulnar nerve, paralysis of them
 * 8) Skin and motor innervation of head and neck
 * 9) Lumbar plexus and its branches
 * 10) Femoral nerve
 * 11) Sacral plexus and its branches
 * 12) Sciatic nerve, paralysis of common peroneal nerve
 * 13) Overview of muscular and skin innervation of lower limb
 * 14) First and second branch of trigeminal nerve, sensory trigeminal nuclei
 * 15) Third branch of trigeminal nerve
 * 16) Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerve
 * 17) Facial nerve
 * 18) Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
 * 19) Accessory and hypoglossal nerves
 * 20) Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system
 * 21) Cranial and sacral parasympathetic system
 * 22) Abdominal and pelvic autonomic plexuses and ganglias, enteric system

Sensory Organs, Skin, Endocrine Glands

 * 1) Eyball (draw sagittal section)-vascular supply, innervation, chambers, aqueous humor circulation
 * 2) Cornea, sclera and vitreous body, corneal reflex
 * 3) Iris, cilliary body, choroidea, pupillary light reflex
 * 4) Lens – structure and insertion, accommodation
 * 5) Retina – structure, vascular supply (draw schema of eye fundus)
 * 6) Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus
 * 7) Extraocular muscles
 * 8) External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view), paracentesis (miringotomy)
 * 9) Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube
 * 10) Bony and membranous labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and cochlear duct), vestibulocochlear nerve, nystagmus
 * 11) Skin – epidermis and dermis, skin types, skin receptors, skin appendages (hair, nails, glands) Mamma - description and structure, blood supply and innervation, lymphatics
 * 12) Thyroid and parathyroid glands – structure, function, topography, blood supply
 * 13) Suprarenal gland – structure and developmental origin of cortex and medulla, function, syntopy (draw scheme), blood supply
 * 14) Hypophysis – development, structure of adeno and neurohypophysis, function, syntopy

Regional Anatomy

 * 1) Layers of scalp, frontal and temporal region
 * 2) Superficial regions of face
 * 3) Infratemporal fossa and pterygoplatine fossa
 * 4) External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves Submandibular triangle, carotid triangle (draw scheme)
 * 5) Lateral neck region, scalenic fissure, Axilla – boundaries, content
 * 6) Brachial region (draw transverse section) Cubital fossa
 * 7) Antebrachial region (draw transverse section)
 * 8) Topographic anatomy of the hand (draw transverse section) and fingers
 * 9) Gluteal region
 * 10) Anterior thigh region, iliopectineal fossa, femoral triangle (draw schema)
 * 11) Popliteal fossa, adductor canal
 * 12) Leg region (draw transverse section)
 * 13) Retromalleolar regions (med.+ lat.)
 * 14) Topography of foot (draw transverse section)
 * 15) Mediastinum – division, borders (draw transverse section)
 * 16) Topography of chest wall (draw scheme of intercostal space)
 * 17) Projections of heart, lungs and pleura onto thoracic wall, puncture of thorax
 * 18) Topography of abdominal wall, rectus abdominis sheath (draw transverse section), blood supply, innervation, surgical approaches
 * 19) Projections of abdominal organs onto abdominal wall
 * 20) Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias
 * 21) Topography of peritoneal cavity – supra and inframesocolic part (draw transverse section through lesser sac)
 * 22) Topography of duodenum and pancreas (draw schema)
 * 23) Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs including vessels and nerves
 * 24) Topographic anatomy of male pelvis (draw sagittal section)
 * 25) Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section), mechanism of continence
 * 26) Pelvic floor muscles, ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section of pelvis), perineal region
 * 27) Topography of vertebral canal, anatomic backgrounds of spinal tap (lumbar puncture) and epidural anesthesia