Doppler sonography/types and outputs

Types of Doppler sonography
Introduction

All types of Doppler sonography are widely used in medicine for tissue diagnoses (especially vascular) due to it’s noninvasive nature, accessibility, high accuracy in measurements and practically no biological harmful effects.

There are two main types (systems):
 * CW - Continuous Wave system
 * PW - Pulsed Wave system

And two modes which combine multiple ultrasonography elements:
 * Duplex mode
 * Triplex mode

Continuous wave system
CW's are from technical point of view the simplest Doppler devices. They use two crystals (lenses) as transducers - one constantly transmits ultrasound waves (usually 2 to 16 MHz in diagnostic ultrasound), the second crystal receives signal which reflects from singular erythrocytes. Furthermore, the angle between transducers is very obtuse, so overlapping of the transmitted and received beams happens in relatively big area (several centimetres, depends on the probe). The devices are cheap and relatively simple, but they have a big disadvatage - they lack axial resolution. Device measures all reflected waves from the beam's direction, therefore we can not measure blood flow velocity in deep arteries. But in hands of experienced physician, it can be a quick way how to measure arterial flow in extremities, or even measure cardiac contractions in foetus.

Pulsed Wave system
PW's use one piezoelectric element, which alternately transmits and receives ultrasound. The probe measures the distance between a probe and a volume sample (an artery) and it is defined by the time between transmitting impulse and beginning receiving impulse. The time for how long the signal is received, determines the axial size of a volume sample, which is very useful. All of the modern sonographers use Pulse system. There is a downside to this system and that is a velocity limit of the blood flow. High velocity leads to aliasing, which is calculating error. On the other hand, precise localisation of the source of frequency shifts (flowing blood cells) in axial direction is possible.

Duplex mode
Introduction

Doppler sonography is the process of using the high frequency of ultrasound to measure the direction, velocity and turbulence of blood flow and can be measured easily in such areas of the human body as the inner thigh, arm or neck. It is also frequently used to detect problems in heart valves and more specifically it can be used to help stroke patients. The outputs of doppler sonography are in principle the images obtained by the doppler devices and its high frequency. Which works on the basis that the high frequency ultrasound waves will reflect from the inside of the body, wherever the devices is directed at, back to its source, hence, providing a image of blood flow in the patient.

Uses in clinical medicine

Doppler ultrasound is can be used differently, depending on the physician and what he tries to measure. Most common uses of doppler ultrasonography can be cardiologists, who, as mentioned before, can use it to detect problems in the valves of the heart. Another branch of medicine which can find it useful is for instance the trauma centre, which can use it to detect disturbances in the blood flow in order to assess shock or to analyze the amount of blood loss the patient has suffered. The test is first initiated by taking a look at the arteries and veins of the patient. Doppler ultrasonography can be used to diagnose: arteriosclerosis of the arms and legs, which is a condition in which the patient's arteries clog up and can hardly dilate and hence the patient's extremities can be depleted of its needed oxygen and nutrients, blood clot, deep vein thrombosis and venous insufficiency, which is a condition in which the veins can hardly send blood back to the heart which results in cramping, pain while standing or ulsters.

Literature description

There are several types of doppler measurements, outputs. These include the spectral imaging of blood flow (0,1-4m/s).

And colour flow mapping (CFM)

The advantages of the use of doppler ultrasonography is that it is relatively cheap, fast, not incisive and can of course evaluate blood flow. The disadvantages could possibly be that it needs to be handled with skilled hands only in order to obtain an image, it cannot evaluate the the lungs or bowels. Doppler sonography is generally considered a very safe method of examination, ever during pregnancy, the procedure is harmless. The world health organization described it as: "Diagnostic ultrasound is recognized as a safe, effective, and highly flexible imaging modality capable of providing clinically relevant information about most parts of the body in a rapid and cost-effective fashion" The question of the ethics in this field of medicine raises very few eyebrows. There is little to condemn the practice and since it is so useful to physicians, we cannot afford to lose this tool.

Conclusion

Overall, we can conclude that the doppler sonography tool is more than useful in helping identify the problems the patient may have. It has grown rapidly in the last decade and will continue to advance as technologies improve, this includes technologies such as 3 dimensional doppler sonography which has big potential however it's best medical application is yet to be discovered