Subdural hematoma

A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid.
 * Acute – manifestation within 24−48 h after the injury,
 * subacute – manifestation within 3 weeks after the injury,
 * chronic – manifestations over weeks or months.

Acute subdural hematoma
It is most often caused by bleeding of bridging veins (they lead from the surface of the brain to the sinus dura matris). It is almost always accompanied by cerebral contusion.

Clinical picture

 * As with epidural hematoma, but a more gradual course,
 * if a lucid interval is present, it tends to be longer,
 * hemiparesis (usually on the opposite side to the hematoma, but can be on the same side if the brainstem has shifted),
 * anisocoria - less often

Diagnosis

 * CT− semilunar hyperdense in the calf.

Therapy

 * Conservative (spontaneous resorption of the hematoma),
 * possibly neurosurgical treatment.

Chronic subdural hematoma
A so-called chronic subdural hematoma occurs when the blood hematoma becomes large. It has its own capsule and inside is a serous fluid. A chronic hematoma enlarges due to an osmotic mechanism (the capsule is a semipermeable membrane) and due to repeated minor subdural bleeding from proliferating capillaries on the hematoma membrane. It manifests clinically only after a long delay, for example in 3 months or 3 years. Predisposing factors for the development of chronic subdural bleeding: older age, alcoholism, arachnoid cysts, coagulopathy, anticoagulant treatment, arterial hypertension, epilepsy,...

Clinical picture

 * Headaches, vomiting, eye congestion,
 * personality changes and deterioration of intellect,
 * quantitative disorders of consciousness with hemiparesis.

Prognosis
About 50% of people with large acute hematomas survive, although the injury often results in permanent brain damage. Younger people have a better chance of survival than the elderly. People with chronic subdural hematomas usually have the best prognosis, especially if they have few or no symptoms and have remained conscious and alert after a head injury. In the elderly, there is an increased risk of further bleeding (hemorrhage) after a subdural hematoma, because the elderly brain cannot expand again and fill the space where the blood was (a so-called subdural hygroma will then form in this space), so it is more vulnerable to future bleeding into the brain even when minor head injuries. [https://cs.medlicker.com/2018-subduralni-hematom#prognoza MUDr. Michal Vilímovský]
 * The prognosis of a subdural hematoma depends on the severity of the head injury, the speed of treatment and the age of the patient.

related links

 * Craniocerebral trauma
 * Acute subdural hematoma
 * Chronic subdural hematoma
 * Epidural hematoma
 * Subarachnoid hemorrhage