Lambert's law

1. Origin 
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Throughout the 18th century, scientists research the quantity of the absorption rate of light in the atmosphere. In 1729, French scientist Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758) define the intensity of the light passing through a transparent medium decreases exponentially to the length of medium route in his writing : ‘essay of optic’ (Essai d'optique sur la gradation de la lumière) In 1760, Swiss-German scientist Lambert Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) gets same results with photometry and some experimental devices. After then, Lambert law have a meaning that the intensity of the light decrease exponentially in atmosphere.
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 He applies Lambert’s law to the diluted gas and solutions.

2. General definition and formulas It=Io•10-εCl
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Io: intensity of the incident light
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It: intensity of the transmitted light
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C: density or thickness
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l : the distance of light transmission
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ε: extinction coefficient

3 .The definition of terms in various fields
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-Applied Sciences It means the relationship of the intensity of incident light and the transmitted light from the absorbent medium.
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-Metallurgical Engineering The ratio of the incident light intensity and the transmitted light intensity are proportional to thickness of the material.
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-Weather Attenuation of light by a gas or solution only depends on the optical path within the medium. And it doesn’t have any relationship with density and degree of dilution.
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-Physics (Lambert’s cosine law) The intensity of illumination can be estimated as the cosine value of the angle of incident light.
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-Drugs When monochromatic light with a certain wavelength pass a uniform phase, the transmitted light is absorbed proportional to the length of the optical path. And the intensity of transmission decrease.
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-Agriculture and Biology The relationship between the intensity of incident light and photosynthesis

Reference http://cafe.daum.net/PBL-F.ENV http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia blog.naver.com/mini_sh27/100088772918
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