Lysosomes

náhled|350px|Eukaryotic cell - 1. nucleolus, 2. nucleus, 3. ribosome, 4. vesicle, 5. rough endoplasmic reticulum, 6. golgi apparatus, 7. cytoskeleton, 8. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 9. mitochondria, 10. vacuole, 11. cytosol, 12. lysosome, 13. centriol Lysosomes are spherical membrane-bound organelles found in many eukaryotic organisms.

They contain over 50 types of enzymes (acid hydrolases) used to break down extra- and intracellular material - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and  nucleic acids. Internal pH 5.0–6.0 – is maintained by a proton pump in the lysosome membrane. They are usually formed by separation from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus.

We distinguish lysosomes: The cell uses autophagy to recycle its own worn structures. Diseases based on lysosome defect:
 * Primary – bags with enzymes, without material
 * Secondary – significantly larger, formed by fusion of the primary lysosome with the phagosome;
 * Tertiary – contain residues of material that can no longer be broken down, such as lipofuscin.

Congenital - genetic disorders of their enzymes or regulatory proteins, there is a gradual accumulation of material, especially in the CNS and macrophages. About 40 diseases, frequency 1 / 100,000 births, mostly incurable. Acquired - mostly only relative disorders, from an excess of ingested material, often in macrophages, eg foamy cells in atherosclerosis, but hepatocytes, epithelium of proximal renal tubule of the kidneys can also be affected. At the bottom, the membranes of the lysosomes are disrupted by uric acid crystals, which leads to the release of enzymes, which are manifested by a joint inflammatory reaction.
 * Fabry disease – this is treatable by administration of the missing α-galactosidase
 * Neimann-Pick disease
 * Tay-Sachs disease
 * Gaucher's disease
 * Pompe disease

{{Netisknout|

Related articles

 * Lysosomal diseases
 * Post-translational modifications and protein targeting
 * Protein degradation
 * Cell degradation system