Examination and important pathological changes in the eye area

Eyebrows

 * Prominent in acromegaly.

Eyebrows

 * Denser in women – virilism,
 * thinning – myxedema, thallium poisoning.

Caps

 * Infiltration – myxedema, kidney disease,
 * spots – Addison's disease and Basedow's disease,
 * xanthelasma palpebrarum – yellow spots on the upper eyelids in biliary cirrhosis.

Bulbes
Physiologically, they are in the middle position. We examine the mobility of the bulbs with the patient's head fixed, we have a finger about 1 m from his eyes and we move with him horizontally and vertically.
 * Exophthalmus - ventricular appearance of the bulbs and widening of the eye slit, bilateral and symmetrical; in thyrotoxicosis – other manifestations:
 * Moebi's symptom – when viewed close to the bulbs, they diverge due to muscle weakness.
 * von Graefe's sign – the lid does not follow the bulbus during craniocaudal movement – a white crescent appears.
 * Stellwag's symptom – sparse blinking.
 * endophtalmus – bulb invasion – rarer, part of Horner's Triassic along with miosis and eyelid ptosis,
 * strabismus – weakening of the eye muscles,
 * nystagmus – rapid eye movements.

Conjunctivae

 * Pale – in anemia,
 * hemorrhages – in bleeding conditions,
 * hyperemic – inflammation,
 * xerophthalmia – dry eyes – vitamin A deficiency.

Sclera

 * Yellowish to yellow – jaundice, subicterus,
 * blue – osteogenesis imperfecta,
 * brown spots:
 * physiologically – melanin in blacks,
 * pathologically – homogentisic acid in alkaptonuria.

Cornea

 * Arcus corneae senilis – white-gray circle,
 * signs of atherosclerosis in the elderly,
 * sign of hyperlipidemia in people under 40,
 * Kayser-Fleischer green-brown ring – contains Cu – Wilson's disease.

Pupils

 * Mydriasis – pupil dilation – parasympathetic disorder,
 * miosis – pupil narrowing – sympathetic disorder.

Links

 * Endocrine orbitopathy

Literature


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