The position of organs in energy metabolism

Liver

 * Hepatic cells ( hepatocytes ) have essential role at maintaining homeostasis, at synthesis molecules , at each other transformation nutrients and at regulation storage and release energy . Participates in metabolism all of them nutrients.

Metabolism of carbohydrates

 * In metabolism of carbohydrates is important their function  short term , in scope hours, and  long-term , in scope days until weeks ,  regulation glycemia ' – glucostatic function liver . At high level glucose in vena portae po eat in the liver will start the synthesis of glycogen which consumes glucose taken up from the blood . On the contrary at starvation and decline glycemia with glucose adds to the circulation through glycogenolysis - breakdown stock of glycogen , possibly when they are supplies glycogen exhausted , gluconeogenesis.

Metabolism of lipids

 * Some expensive metabolism lipids they are for the liver unique - synthesis ketolatin . Most tracks in progress and elsewhere, but in the liver they are quantitatively the most significant . It's running out here to oxidation greasy acids . At starvation in progress this range track _ greater than _ liver they need for production energy for your own consumption . That of the resulting acetyl-CoA is subsequently make up ketone bodies , which liver alone process they can't , so they release them into circulation , where serves like alternative source energy . In the liver in progress also synthesis cholesterol.


 * The key is i position liver in metabolism lipoproteins :


 * They synthesize VLDL, part of HDL;


 * convert IDL to LDL;


 * they degrade chylomicron remnants, HDL and part of LDL.

Metabolism of proteins and amino acids

 * In metabolism proteins and amino acids they are again some reactions for the liver specific - synthesis of urea . Other reactions, for example deamination and transamination amino acids whose synthesis non-essential of amino acids , are ongoing and in others authorities . Liver also synthesize ( excl immunoglobulins ) all plasmatic proteins , e.g. _ albumin or coagulation factors.

Kidney

 * Concentration of urine and transport of substances in the kidneys requires big amount energy, therefore the consumption of ATP, especially in the cortex , is high.


 * ATP is obtained oxidative metabolism glucose, lactate , fatty acids and amino acids.


 * From metabolic tracks here in progress also gluconeogenesis , esp at starvation . Hers main substrate they are carbonaceous skeletons amino acids - mainly glutamine .  Ammonia  obtained at reactions are excluded directly into the urine , where serves like buffer.

Skeletal muscles

 * Skeletal muscles they consume at yours activities big amount energy . ATP regeneration is underway on the way aerobic i anaerobic glycolysis, degradation greasy acids and also from creatine phosphate.


 * The role of the skeleton is essential muscle in metabolism amino acids, mainly branched ( valine , leucine and isoleucine ). Their carbonaceous skeletons used for creation energy and their amino groups are used for synthesis alanine , glutamine and glutamate , which relaxes skeletal muscle in big quantity into circulation . From alanine then liver they can regenerate glucose - the so- called alanine cycle.



Fatty tissue

 * Fat tissue is postprandial — that is after food when _ prevails effect of insulin, used like  warehouse triacylglycerols . Saves how lipids taken in food , so created liver . At fasting when _ prevails the effect of glucagon , occurs opposite to lipolysis – release free greasy acids and glycerol.

Brain

 *  Glucose is the main one energetic substrate  brain, daily consumption is 120 g adapted starvation which arises approximately after 3 weeks without adequate supply energy , can brain cover up to 50% energy consumption by oxidation ketone bodies.



