Lower limb vessels


 * The arteries of the lower limb are the branches of the external iliac artery, which is formed by the division of the common iliac artery in the pelvis.
 * The external iliac artery passes into the inguinal region through the lacuna vasorum, where it lies laterally from the external iliac vein and medially from the femoral ramus genitofemoral nerve.
 * Passing through the lacuna vasorum into the iliopectine fossa, the external iliac artery changes into the femoral artery, which then branches into five main arteries.
 * The veins of the lower limb can be divided into deep veins running mostly in pairs along the arteries of the same name and superficial veins.

Branches of the femoral artery

 * External pudendal arteries - artery supplying the external genitalia
 * superficial epigastric artery - branch for the surface layer of the abdominal wall in the range of the abdominal rectus muscle.
 * superficial ilium circumflex artery - arises in the subcutaneous tissue upwards along the inguinal ligament to the anterior superior iliac spine
 * descending artery genus  - the longest branch of the femoral artery, which extends into the adductor canal, together with the saphenous vein and the saphenous nerve, pierces the membrane of the vast adductor membrane and supplies the knee joint (creates the rete articular genus)
 * Deep femoral artery - a very strong branch that descends to the depth of the iliopectine fossa and produces branches that are involved in supplying the ventral and dorsal sides of the thigh and hip joint
 * medial circumflex artery of the femoral - twists medially and dorsally, supplies the adductors, pelvitrochanteric muscles, and hip joint
 * lateral circumflex artery of the femoral - twists laterally and dorsally, participates in the majority supply of the quadriceps femur.
 * perforating arteries - 3 branches gradually penetrating the adductor magnus muscle and nourishing the muscles of the dorsal group (biceps femoris muscle, semimembranosus muscle, and semitendinosus muscle)

Popliteal artery and its branches

 * The femoral artery continues together with the vein of the same name caudally in the femoral triangle, gradually passing into the adductor canal.
 * The artery initially runs laterally from the vein, but during the adductor canal, the vein runs and reaches the medial and dorsal.
 * After passing through the adductor hiatus, it changes into the popliteal artery.
 * Thus, the popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery from the mouth of the adductor hiatus to the upper edge of the soleus artery, where it branches into the anterior and posterior arteries of the tibialis.
 * During the course in the popliteal region, the vessel is located close to the sheath of the knee joint, ventromedially from the vein of the same name.
 * Nerves - the tibialis nerve and the common fibular nerve - run the most laterally and superficially.
 * In addition to the tibial artery, the popliteal artery also issues branches for the knee joint
 * upper medial artery type, upper lateral artery type, middle artery type, lower medial artery type, lower lateral artery type
 * together with the descending artery genus they form the genus joint network

Tibial arteries

 * tibial arteries (anterior et posterior) arise at the upper edge of the soleus muscle by dividing the popliteal artery
 * tibial posterior artery - is a free continuation of the popliteal artery along the back of the lower leg, running under the arch of the muscle solei taken into the deep leaf of the lower leg fascia between the superficial and deep muscle groups.
 * It gradually twists behind the inner ankle, where it is covered by the synovial flexor muscles, accompanied by 2 veins and lying dorsally from the flexor digitorum longus muscle.
 * During the course through the malleolar canal branches in the main branches of the plant - medial and lateral plantar artery
 * circumflex fibular branch
 * medial malleolar branches
 * medial malleolar net
 * branches of the heel
 * nutricia artery of the tibia
 * fibular artery - the posterior tibialis branch of the posterior tibialis, which splits under the arcus of the musculus solei and runs in the Hyrtle musculofibular canal (between the flexor hallucis longus muscle and the fibula), supplies mainly the ankle joint.
 * perforating branch
 * communicating branch
 * lateral malleolar branches
 * nutricia artery of the fibula
 * anterior tibial artery - runs above the interosseous membrane and runs ventrally, gradually joining the deep fibular nerve coming from the lateral side of the tibia, issues branches for the medial and lateral malleolar net and end branches for the back of the foot -dorsal artery of the foot and arcuate artery
 * ateral tarsal artery - neck of ankle
 * medial tarsal artery - from the medial surface of the artery to the inner edge of the foot
 * arcuate artery
 * dorsal metatarsal arteries -4 branches
 * digital dorsal arteries - to the adjacent areas of two adjacent fingers
 * deep plantar artery - gets to the foot of the foot

Artery of the foot

 * The arteries of the foot are the final branches of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
 * plantar medial artery - the weaker of the terminal branches of the posterior tibialis, runs together with the medial plantar nerve along the plantar side of the thumb muscles
 * superficial branch - supplies the medial side of the foot (runs along the adductor hallucis muscle) and continues as the digital plantar hallucis artery
 * deep branch - a branch for deep leg muscles (mm. Interossei), contributes to the arcus plantaris.

A. plantaris lateralis - the thicker of the posterior branches of the posterior tibialis, together with the plantaris lateralis, runs between the flexor digitorum brevis and the quadratus plantae, continues along the muscles of the little finger, sinks deep and forms the plantar arcus.

Arcus plantaris - arterial arch running under the adductor hallucis muscle, emits aa. metatarsales plantares (4 arteries along interosseous spaces) that continue as aa. digitale plantares communes to metatarsophalangeal joints, where it is divided into 2 aa. digitales plantares propriae for toes.

A. dorsalis pedis - the final branch of the anterior tibialis on the back of the foot going above the first metatarsal space, on the back sends the a. Tarsalis medialis, aa. tarsales laterales a silnou a. arcuata.

A. arcuata - arcuately laterally twisting blood vessels, supplies the back of the foot and toes.

Aa. metatarsales dorsales - 4 arteries above the interosseous spaces, each emitting 2 aa. digitales dorsales for toes.

R. plantaris profundus - a branch from the a. Metatarsalis dorsalis I, which penetrates deep into the first metatarsal space and anastomozes with the plantar arcus.

DK veins

Venous system of the lower limb

Superficial veins

Rete venosum dorsale pedis - a venous plexus collecting blood from the back of the foot and from the plant via joints from the rete venosum plantare, the saphenous vein is formed from the medial side of the plexus, the saphenous vein is formed from the lateral side.

V. saphena magna - the main superficial vein of the DK, runs together with the saphenus nerve in front of the inner ankle, continues to rise in the subcutaneous layer along the ventromedial side of the lower leg, knee (behind the inner condyle) and thighs; saphenus and flows in the fossa iliopectinea into the femoral artery. Even before the mouth, it gains the porcine veins of the thigh, genitals and abdomen - v. Saphena accesoria, vv. pudendae externae, v. epigastrica superficialis et v. circumflexa ilium superficialis (these veins are arranged radially and form the so-called Cockett's star).

V. saphena parva is collected from the lateral side of the rete venosum dorsale pedis, passes under the subcutaneous tissue behind the outer ankle and twists together with the sural nerve on the back of the lower leg from above v. femoropoplitea draining blood from the dorsal side of the thigh.

Deep veins

Often doubled veins (on the tibia) accompanying the arteries of the same name have numerous connections with each other and with superficial veins (using perforators), which is of great importance in the pathogenesis of varicose veins, or HŽT.

V. poplitea - is deposited dorsolaterally from the artery of the same name, takes up the saphenous vein, runs upwards from the arcus musculi solei to the adductor hiatus, where it passes into the femoral vein.

V. femoralis - continues from the adductorius hiatus laterally and dorsally from the artery, during the adductorius canalis it gradually reaches the artery and its medial side, in the fossa iliopectinea surface surface veins (v. Saphena magna and Cockett's star veins) flow into it, passes through through the lacuna vasorum medially from the artery at the lig. lacunare and passes smoothly in v. iliaca externa.