Thrombocytopenia from increased destruction of platelets

Thrombocytopenia from increased destruction of platelets is divided according to the cause into:
 * Megakaryocytic forms with a normal/increased number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow ,
 * Immune thrombocytopenia – excessive breakdown of platelets in the monocyte-macrophage system,
 * Other causes: large intravascular consumption in the coagulation process, losses from the organism, Thrombocytopenia from increased sequestration (redistribution of platelets outside the circulating blood - e.g. in the spleen ).

Idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, m. maculosus Werlhofi)
Idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura, (ITP) is a condition in which the rapid breakdown of platelets occurs for an unknown reason with the participation of immune mechanisms. This is the most common acquired bleeding disease in childhood.

Etiopathogenesis
Autoantibodies are formed in the body (B-lymphocytes with the help of CD4+ T-lymphocytes) against platelet surface antigens, mostly against glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. The trigger is often an infection (upper respiratory tract infection, more rarely varicella, mumps, rubella, EBV infection, vaccination with a live vaccine). Platelets with bound antibodies are absorbed by macrophages and then disappear mainly in the spleen. Autoantibodies inhibit megakaryopoiesis, which results in reduced platelet production by bone marrow megakaryocytes, thrombopoietin levels are normal.

Acute form
It is a childhood disease with a rapid course and often spontaneous resolution. Circulating immunocomplexes with affinity for platelets are then rapidly taken up by MMS cells. It usually follows a banal viral infection. Bleeding manifestations are present, sudden onset (within hours) - generalized purpura, hematomas, bleeding from mucous membranes, bleeding into organs (CNS) occur. Fortunately, the acute form is rare.

Chronic form
A decrease in platelets below 150×109/L lasting more than 6 months is typical;. Disease of adult age (more often women) with insidious onset and chronic course, spontaneous remissions are rare. Principle: autoantibodies against platelet antigens → rapidly absorbed by MMS (spleen: production of antibodies + absorption and degradation of altered platelets); Severe organ bleeding (often fatal to the CNS) is more common.

Diagnostics
Often, the diagnosis is clinical - it is necessary to rule out thrombocytopenia of other etiology (in childhood, marrow suppression during acute leukemia, in adulthood, MDS ). We demonstrate antiplatelet antibodies. ITP can be a manifestation of SLE&thinsp;/&thinsp; B-lymfoproliferation.

Laboratory examination

 * platelet count variously reduced, in severe forms below 10×109/l;
 * other CBC parameters as well as hemostatic tests are normal;
 * proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Therapy

 * the basis of immunosuppression – prednisone 0.5–1 mg/kg (after achieving remission, we continue with the maintenance dose), or cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine;
 * splenectomy (in patients with increased destruction of platelets in the spleen);
 * anti–CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab ;
 * intravenous immunoglobulins in high doses (in the event of a deep drop in platelets + more pronounced bleeding manifestations with the risk of permanent consequences/life-threatening);
 * in the period of more pronounced bleeding symptoms, non-specific haemostyptics at the same time, in extreme cases platelet transfusions (short-term effect).

Consumption thrombocytopenia

 * Consumption of platelets in the process of intravascular microthrombotization,
 * Most often with DIC ; further with TTP and HUS.

Allergic thrombocytopenic purpura

 * Similar to the acute form of ITP,
 * Remedies (quinidine, sulfonamides ), food components → circulating immunocomplexes.

Post-transfusion thrombocytopenia

 * By the action of immunocomplexes, which are created by immunization with components of blood products (mainly plasma proteins, leukocyte antigens ) with an affinity for platelets,
 * About a week after the blood transfusion,
 * Even as a result of incompatibility in platelet antigens.

Neonatal thrombocytopenia

 * Similar to neonatal hemolytic anemia ,
 * Action of antibodies against fetal platelet antigens.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

 * About 3% of patients,
 * Type I – occurs within 2 days after administration, caused by direct reaction of heparin with platelets, leads to mild thrombocytopenia, which resolves within 4 days after discontinuation of heparin,
 * Type II - occurs within 5-14 days of administration, caused by the formation of anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies that bind to and activate platelets in a complex with heparin, which can lead to thromboembolic complications in up to a third of patients with type II HIT.

Thrombocytopenia from increased losses

 * Sometimes in the case of major bleeding, polytrauma, complicated surgical procedures, which are covered by transfers of stored blood,
 * Also during operations using extracorporeal circulation.

Related articles

 * Thrombocytopenia
 * Thrombocytopenia of the newborn
 * Hematological examination
 * Pre-transfusion examination
 * Examination of blood coagulation
 * Purpura