Portal:Physiology Oral Exam Questions (LF MUNI Brno)

Part A

 * 1) Structure and function of cell membranes and cell organelles
 * 2) Transport across cell membranes
 * 3) Compartmentalization of body fluids
 * 4) Differences between intra- and extracellular fluids
 * 5) Production and resorption of interstitial fluid (Starling forces)
 * 6) Ion channels
 * 7) Intercellular communication
 * 8) Generation of resting membrane potential
 * 9) Local response of membrane potential
 * 10) Action potential
 * 11) Excitability and refractoriness
 * 12) Excitation-contraction coupling
 * 13) Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction
 * 14) Electrical and mechanical behaviour of various types of muscle
 * 15) Isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relation.
 * 16) Neuromuscular junction
 * 17) Temporal and space summation (summation and recruitment) in skeletal muscle
 * 18) Energy metabolism and its measurement
 * 19) Physiological role of calcium
 * 20) Vitamins
 * 21) Regulating of food intake and its disorders
 * 22) Hypoxia and ischemia
 * 23) Heat production and heat loss, thermoregulation
 * 24) Physiological applications of law of  Laplace
 * 25) Lung ventilation, volumes, measurement
 * 26) Dead space, measurement
 * 27) Resistance of airways, measurement
 * 28) Maximal respiratory flow – volume curve (spirogram)
 * 29) Respiratory quotient
 * 30) Cardiopulmonary response to exercise
 * 31) Physiological significance of positive and negative feedback
 * 32) Physiological regulations (overview)
 * 33) Homeostasis
 * 34) Functional morphology of nephron
 * 35) Tubular processes, tubular reabsorption and secretion, urine formation
 * 36) Renal blood flow and its autoregulation
 * 37) Glomerular filtration, principles and regulation, juxtaglomerular apparatus
 * 38) Renal sodium, potassium, chloride transports, their regulation
 * 39) Urea formation
 * 40) Water resorption, hyper- and hypotonic urine. Counter-current system.
 * 41) Osmotic, water and pressure diuresis
 * 42) Examination of renal function. Clearance.
 * 43) Micturition
 * 44) Metabolic and endocrine renal function
 * 45) Kidney in regulation of homeostasis
 * 46) Alveolar surface tension. Surfactant.
 * 47) Compliance of lungs. Respiratory work. Pneumothorax.
 * 48) Composition of atmospheric and alveolar air. Gas exchange in lungs and tissues
 * 49) Transport of O2. Oxygen – haemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of CO2
 * 50) Regulation of ventilation
 * 51) Respiratory responses to irritants
 * 52) Formation, composition, functions and regulation of saliva
 * 53) Formation, composition, functions and regulation of gastric secretion
 * 54) Functions of the stomach
 * 55) Formation, composition, functions and regulation of pancreatic juice
 * 56) Motility of gastrointestinal tract
 * 57) Coordination of GIT segments
 * 58) Liver functions
 * 59) Formation, composition, functions and regulation of bile
 * 60) Digestion and resorption in the small intestine
 * 61) Functions of colon
 * 62) Neurohumoral regulation of GIT
 * 63) Adaptation to extreme environmental conditions
 * 64) Adaptation to exercise, athlete's heart
 * 65) Integration of nervous and hormonal regulation
 * 66) Regulation and adaptation
 * 67) The importance and the regulatory role of nervous system
 * 68) Cellular base of nervous system
 * 69) Intracranial compartment, intracranial pressure
 * 70) Membrane voltage, action potential – generation and propagation through nerve fibers
 * 71) Structure of synapse and integration of information on the synaptic level, neurotransmission vs. neuromodulation
 * 72) Receptors, receptor potential vs. action potential, receptive field
 * 73) Basic functional comparison of somatosensitivity, viscerosensitivity and proprioception, the importance of sensitivity for immediate and long-term survival
 * 74) Pain
 * 75) The basic physiology of olfactory and gustatory system – brief characterization of the modality, basic information about signal detection and processing
 * 76) The basic physiology of auditory and vestibular system – brief characterization of the modality, basic information about signal detection and processing
 * 77) The basic physiology of visual system – light detection vs. image formation, circadian rhythms
 * 78) The basic physiology of visual system – rods and cones function, on/off receptive field, nervus opticus vs. tractus opticus
 * 79) Upper and lower motor neuron, neuromuscular junction, muscle contraction
 * 80) Hierarchical organization of motor system – reflex vs. voluntary motor activity
 * 81) The basic functions of basal ganglia
 * 82) The basic division and functions of autonomic nervous system
 * 83) The importance of limbic system and brief characterization of basic functions – somatic and limbic arousal systems, sleep and wakefulness
 * 84) The importance of limbic system and brief characterization of basic functions – learning and memory, the influence of hypothalamus on neocortex, the role of amygdala
 * 85) The basic characterization of neocortical functions – primary vs. association areas, topographical overview of cortical functions
 * 86) The basic characterization of neocortical functions – language and social brain, basic overview of functional diagnostic methods used in neurology

Part B

 * 1) Blood composition – values
 * 2) Red blood cell. Haemolysis.
 * 3) Haemoglobin and its derivatives. Metabolism of iron.
 * 4) Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis
 * 5) Suspension stability of RBC (sedimentation rate)
 * 6) Mechanism of innate immunity
 * 7) Acquired immunity
 * 8) Blood types
 * 9) Function of platelets
 * 10) Hemocoagulation
 * 11) Anticlotting mechanism, fibrinolytic system
 * 12) Conduction system of the heart
 * 13) Cardiac automaticity
 * 14) Spread and retreat of excitation wavefront. Electric vector of the heart.
 * 15) Variability of circulatory parameters, 24-hour-monitoring, baroreflex sensitivity
 * 16) Cardiovascular response to haemorrhage
 * 17) Cardiovascular reflexes (diving reflex, Valsalva maneuver, Muller maneuver)
 * 18) Invasive and non-invasive methods of blood pressure assessment
 * 19) Cardiac output and its measurement
 * 20) Measurement of blood flow
 * 21) ECG leads. ECG record in different leads
 * 22) Estimation of electric axis of the heart
 * 23) Cardiac contractility and its determination
 * 24) Polygraphic recording of one cardiac cycle (ECG, phonocardiogram, aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular volume)
 * 25) Specific features of cardiac metabolism
 * 26) Differences between left and right heart
 * 27) Determinants of cardiac performance: preload, afterload, inotropy
 * 28) Cardiac reserve. Heart failure.
 * 29) Cardiac cycle. Phases. Pressure-volume loop.
 * 30) Heart sounds. Diagnostic significance.
 * 31) Starling principle (heterometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction)
 * 32) Frequency effect (homeometric autoregulation of cardiac contraction)
 * 33) Heart rate and its regulation
 * 34) Regulation of various parameters of heart functions
 * 35) Arrhythmias: definition, overview and examples
 * 36) Coronary circulation. Coronary reserve.
 * 37) Blood pressure in various parts of circulation
 * 38) Significance of Poiseuille-Hagen formula for blood flow
 * 39) Vascular resistance in various parts of circulation
 * 40) Arterial blood pressure. Hypertension.
 * 41) Arterial elasticity – significance
 * 42) Arterial pulse, pulse wave
 * 43) Physiological role of endothelium
 * 44) Vasoactive substances
 * 45) Micro-circulation
 * 46) Venous pressure
 * 47) Venous return. Venous stasis.
 * 48) Lymphatic system
 * 49) Pulmonary circulation
 * 50) Cerebral circulation
 * 51) Skin circulation
 * 52) Muscle and splanchnic circulation
 * 53) Regulation of blood circulation upon orthostasis
 * 54) Placental and fetal circulation. Circulatory adjustments at birth
 * 55) Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine regulation
 * 56) General principles of endocrine regulation
 * 57) Chemical characteristics of hormones
 * 58) Effect of hormones on target cells
 * 59) Second messengers
 * 60) Up- and down-regulation of receptors
 * 61) Hypothalamo-pituitary system
 * 62) Prolactin
 * 63) Glandotropic hormones of anterior pituitary gland
 * 64) Growth hormone and growth factors (IGF)
 * 65) Formation and secretion of posterior pituitary hormones
 * 66) Thyroid hormones. Regulation and dysregulation.
 * 67) Endocrine pancreas
 * 68) Insulin and mechanism of its action
 * 69) Glycaemia, its regulation and dysregulation
 * 70) Adrenal cortex. Functions, malfunctions.
 * 71) Metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids
 * 72) Adrenal medulla. Functions, malfunctions.
 * 73) Bone formation and resorption. Regulation of calcaemia.
 * 74) Natriuretic peptides
 * 75) Endogenous opioid system
 * 76) Pineal gland. Circadian rhythm.
 * 77) Puberty and menopause
 * 78) Cyclic changes in non-pregnant women
 * 79) Physiology of pregnancy
 * 80) Physiology of parturition
 * 81) Physiology of lactation
 * 82) Hormonal contraception – the principles
 * 83) Endocrine functions of testes, its regulation
 * 84) Regulation of body fluid volume
 * 85) Regulation of constant osmotic pressure