Histology/Final Exam Tips

SKETCH:

The questions will be marked:

E-embryology

G-general histology

S-special histology

{E Which structures surround the yolk sac? - chorion - amnion + extraembryonic cavity=chorionic cavity - epiblast which then gives rise to all 3 germ layers
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{E What does splanchnopleure and somatopleure surround + primitive body cavity - secondary body cavity - primary yolk sac - secondary yolk sac
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 * viz. Langman 14th ed - page 97

{ S Where can you find respiratory epithelium? - alveoli - tongue + bronchi -plumonary vessels
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 * Most of the nasal cavities and conducting portion of the respiratory system (not the alveoli!!)

{ S What’s the main function of the epithelium in gallbladder? +resorption -secretion -no specific function -moving the bile
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{ S What isn’t a part of the membraneous labyrinth -superior semicircular duct -saccule +cochlea -canalis reuniens
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{ S What is NOT the function of endothelial cells -secretion -preventing hemocoagulation +production of ADH -regulation of vasoconstriction
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{ S Which structure is lined by visceral pleura +lung -rectum -stomach -pancreas
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{ G What can NOT be considered as a function of mitochondrial matrix -citric acid cycle -oxidative phosphorylation +lactic acid cycle -transport of H+ ions
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{ S What cytoskeleton does a neuron contain +microtubules -phospholipid bilayers -Na+/K+ ATP-ase -Na+/K+ pumps
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{ S How many axons do oligodendrocytes myelinize -none -1 +more than 1 -CNS axons
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{ E Where is the fetal fluid (Amniotic fluid)? -chorion +amnion -allantois -primitive body cavity
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{ S Pia mater surrounds which structure bellow? +neural tissue -dura mater -ventricles -maxillary artery
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{ S What is dura mater mainly made of? -nervous tissue -loose connective tissue +dense connective tissue -reticular fibers
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{ E In which part of placenta is the mother’s blood? -chorionic plate +intervillous space -perimetrium -chorionic villi
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{ G What is not the function of gER? -transport of proteins +transport of lipids -transport of vesicles -intake of proteins produced by adhaerent ribozomes
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{ S Which type of tisue are hepatocytes? -trabecular +epithelial -digestive -connective
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{ G Which structure produces ECM? -fibrocytes +fibroblasts -reticular fibers -hepatocytes
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{ G What is untrue about basophiles? -their granules have a negative charge -their diameter ranges aproximately 9-11μm -their main function is comparable to the function of mast cells +the physiological ammount of circulating basophiles is around 5-8%
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{ G What is true about neutrophiles? +they are also known as PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) -their diameter ranges from 8-10μm -the physiological ammount of circulating neutrophiles is around 8-10% -they protect us from parasites
 * type=""}

Other questions/topics:

E - a picture of a follicle- an arrow pointing at the nucleus

G - EM picture, an arrow pointing at euchromatine

S - a picture of some type of stomach glands and where are they located (if it’s cardia or fundus or pylorus or lieberkuhn crypt)

E - a picture of amnion

S - picture of thymus  - medulla light, cortex dark

G - Sarcomere picture, the answer was “anisotropic band”

E – Number of questions about primitive streak!

E - blastocyste 8, 11-12, 20 day
 * 1) Extraembryonic mesoderm of somato and splanchnopleure
 * 2) Hepatocytes ARE epithelium
 * 3) Are heparinocytes located in connective tissue?
 * 4) Fibroblasts produce ECM
 * 5) A picture of a leukocyte - which one is it
 * 6) What is untrue about basophiles
 * 7) What is untrue about megakaryocyte
 * 8) What information can you get based on a blood smear
 * 9) Causes of anaemia (low haemoglobin levels or less red blood cells)
 * 10) The structure of proximal tubule in kidleys - is there alcalic phosphatase?
 * 11) How does the sperm cell merge with the oocyte membrane
 * 12) Parathyroid gland produces…?  parathormone
 * 13) Shat is untrue about resorptive epithelium
 * 14) Is pseudoatratified columnar simple or compound/stratified? It’s simple
 * 15) Suprarenal gland - medulla cells - CHROMAFFINE
 * 16) What is at the urinary pole of glomelus - the proximal tubule begins there
 * 17) Neutrophile shift to the left = shift to band cells
 * 1) Neutrophile shift to the left = shift to band cells


 * 1) cortical reaction during impregnation
 * 2) Do myoepithelial cells have myofibrils or actin filaments?
 * 3) Tooth development - picture - which germ layers is it from (ento or meso or entoderm?)
 * 4) Schema of a spleen with letters at each structure - what structure is which letter
 * 5) Brush border and an arrow pointing at glycocalyx
 * 6) The origin of Rathke’s pouch
 * 7) Granulopoiesis - order of the stages
 * 8) Cell cycle phases  - order of the phases
 * 9) Mamma - (a question about some sacharides?)
 * 10) What is polycytemia
 * 11) Thymus - Hassal corpuscules are cocentric condensations of the reticular epithelium probably?
 * 12) Where can you find fenestrated capillaries?
 * 13) A picture - stained by luxol blue - it’s perineurium
 * 14) Gallblader - which epithelium is there? Simple cylindrical
 * 15) Bilaminar disc
 * 16) What controls the development of neuroectodermal plate
 * 17) Erytrocyte with 32pg of Hb is …. (Hyperchromatic)
 * 18) Select the correct statement: osteocytes are connected by tight junctions/osteocytes are connected by zonulae occludentes/osteoclasts are connected to the bone matrix by cadherins/osteoclasts are connected to the bone matrix by integrins
 * 19) picture - duodenum
 * 20) What’s the epithelium of the middle ear cavity?
 * 21) a picture of capsule lentil (capsule of lens)

SLIDES

OESOPHAGUS

Lamina muscularis mucosae

Nerve (in plexus myentericus)

Mucinous gland

Stratifien squamous epithelium non-keratinized

Cerebellum - silver impregnation

Dendrites of Purkynje cells

Pia mater

Arterie

Epiglottis - H&E

Type of cartilage

Serous lunule

Which side is lingual

Perichondrium


 * 1) Myelin in CNS is formed by oligodendrocytes
 * 2) How does the PNS recover/heal
 * 3) Which one is a (capsulated?) nerve ending? Nerve ending in cornea/Krause corpuscule/Vater-Pacini corpuscule/Meissner corpuscule
 * 4) Deparafinization step by step =xylene +  alcohol (100%->90%->80%)
 * 5) Follicular dendritic cell
 * 6) Ekkrinne gland in stratum pappilare/m erector pili inserts in a fibrous sheath (page 383)/are melanocytes in epidermis/in which layer of hair are trychohyalin granules (internal root sheath)
 * 7) what is typical for the cells of the suprarenal gland medulla - well developed smooth ER
 * 8) nexus is…. - a part of the intercalated disc (cardiac muscle)


 * 1) a picture of gland - which part is which (duct, myoepithelial cells, serous cells)
 * 2) heart - cardiac muscle tissue + capillaries
 * 3) a picture of a maternal and paternal pronucleus (page 39 Langman)
 * 4) a picture of the Z-line (esophagus/cardia? idk?)
 * 5) Where is the most T-lymphocytes (marginal zone of the spleen, paracortical zone of a lymph node,..)
 * 6) Molecule with inhibition effect on tropomyosine
 * 7) proteins of a ribosome
 * 8) where do ribosomes emerge
 * 9) epithelium according to its function - which one doesn’t belong - answer: trabecular
 * 10) What forms the secondary palate
 * 11) Cleavage - blastomere’s are smaller and smaller - Langman page 42 „Once the zygote has reached the two-cell stage, it undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, in- creasing the numbers of cells. These cells, which become smaller with each cleavage division, are known as blastomeres (Fig. 3.8). Until the eight-cell stage, they form a loosely arranged clump (Fig. 3.9A). After the third cleavage, however, blastomeres maximize their contact with each other, forming a compact ball of cells held together by tight junctions“
 * 12) Hyaluronic acid - some fact about it
 * 13) Feulgen stain - what is it used for etc
 * 14) When is the oocyte impregnated - answer: 2 weeks before/after menstruation
 * 15) Where can you find the cells of Sertoli (rete testis, tubuli recti…)
 * 16) Does the cervical mucosa fall off during menstruation?
 * 17) Stratum papilare - loose connective tissue
 * 18) What is fibrocartilage composed of
 * 19) Which cells does the molecular layer of the cerebellum contain? dendrites of Purkynje cells,…)
 * 20) What do the Muller cells of the retina form?
 * 21) question about the optical nerve - is it myelinated? what myelinates it?
 * 22) microglia (gray/white matter, they form in either gray/white and then infiltrate the other (idk?))
 * 23) question about mitochondria
 * 24) what is placenta increta? (revise the different types of placental abnormalities!!)
 * 25) Secondary/primary sensory cells!!
 * 26) Fibroblasts (something about them being multipotent)
 * 27) What’s typical for a vessel wall - either: 1)lined with epithelium 2)thick muscle tissue in tunica media 3)elastic fibers in adventicia
 * 28) navicular fossa (in penis) - whcih epithelium is there - strat squamous nonkeratinized (or keratinized idk?)
 * 29) Blastocyste (4.-5. day, 5-6 day…)
 * 30) Which cell of the formed blood elements no longer does mitosis
 * 31) Erythrocyte above 9micrometers = ? name of the disease i guess?
 * 32) the thickness of the cell membrane
 * 33) neutrophilic granulocyte - picture
 * 34) description of the melanocyte
 * 35) proximal nephron tubules - proof of alcalic phosphatase using Azocopulation reaction (special histochemical technique)
 * 36) fatal membranes and placenta - an arrow pointing at one of the layers
 * 37) What does the blastocyste have in the 12th day?
 * 38) What is true for dizygotic twins
 * 39) a picture of a follicle (primary/secondary/tertiary?)
 * 40) peripheral nerve recovery
 * 41) A question about the complex of Golgi
 * 42) what does the „Brilliant cresyl blue“ stain (reticulocytes i guess?) (+it’s a supravital technique)
 * 43) the mammary gland composition - 1)intralobular CT is loose CT and adipose tissue, 2)if it’s serous alveolar gland - it ISN’T, IT’S tuboalveolar compound gland, 3)if the immunoglobulines leave the epithelial tissue 3)lipids get into the milk by apocrinne secretion)
 * 44) Salivatory glands (what is saliva composed of)
 * 45) Sweat gland - 1)if it’s compound? 2)which layer of the skin can you find it in


 * 1) 8th day of the embryological development
 * 2) Secondary yolk sac
 * 3) picture of the skeletal muscle
 * 4) picture of the thyroid gland
 * 5) picture - development of the neural tube!!
 * 6) cardiac jelly
 * 7) Ankyrin
 * 8) Tropomyosine
 * 9) Muscle epithelium (idk???)
 * 10) Resorptive epithelium
 * 11) Fixation
 * 12) Sertoli cells
 * 13) mitochondria and endoplazmatic reticulum
 * 14) oligodendrocytes
 * 15) Satelite cells
 * 16) Stratum granulosum of the cerebellum
 * 17) Devlopment - maxilla + upper lip
 * 18) lens placode (1. The lens forms from a thickening of ectoderm (lens placode) adjacent to the optic cup. Lens induction may begin very early, but contact with the optic cup plays a role in this process as well as in maintenance and differentiation of the lens. Therefore, if the optic cup fails to contact the ectoderm or if the molecular and cellular signals essential for lens development are disrupted, a lens will not form.
 * 19) Microglia
 * 20) Goblet cells of the large intestine
 * 21) Spinal ganglion
 * 22) Suprarenal gland - medulla - what’s the origin? !!!
 * 23) Zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal gland?
 * 24) Reticular epithelium. (keep in mind - only in thymus!)+other facts
 * 25) trabecular epithelium
 * 26) lymph node
 * 27) the sspleen - composition - picture
 * 28) cells of the amnionic fluid
 * 29) Ebner (von Ebner) glands
 * 30) nail - composition
 * 31) thin skin type
 * 32) question about impregnation


 * 1) where are androgens produced
 * 2) where are glucocorticoids produced
 * 3) Where are chromaffine cells
 * 4) Centriole - how big is it? about 0.2 μm in diameter and 0.3-0.5 μm in length
 * 5) Picture of syncytiotrophoblast
 * 6) picture of the large intestine
 * 7) Function of bruh cells
 * 8) where is arteria centralis located (white pulp in spleen)
 * 9) Where is the primary heard field located (for me this was a tricky question - read Langman)
 * 10) palate development - viz picture at the end (+Langman 302) - picture with arrows pointing at Maxillary prominence
 * 11) gonadotropin
 * 12) layres of the retina - know which is which
 * 13) Golgi complex
 * 14) Which bone has more osteocytes - primary or secondary bone
 * 15) how do somites develop
 * 16) what is the cranial end (of the of the germ disc?)
 * 17) Taste buds are secondary sensory cells
 * 18) picture of a satelite cell (glial cell in the PNS)
 * 19) picture - identify epineurium
 * 20) Bergmann glia (also called Golgi epithelial cells, are specialized, unipolar glial cells featuring cell bodies situated in the Purkinje cell layer and radial fibers passing through the molecular layer of the cerebellum)
 * 21) cilia - diameters
 * 22) erythrocyte smaller than 6micromeeters - what is it called
 * 23) WHere can you find apocrinne glands?
 * 24) Where are Purkynje cell dendrites!!
 * 25) choroid plexus
 * 26) distal tubule of the nephron
 * 27) lipofuscin
 * 28) cytokeratin filaments


 * 1) What doesn’t penetrate the blood-brain barrier - lipids, glycogen, IgG and something else
 * 2) Podocytes - where are they and what’s the shape
 * 3) mitochondrial DNA
 * 4) granulocyte development stages - the stages were namened in various order and you were supposed to pick the correct one
 * 5) umbilical cord- which type of connective tissue is in a place an arrow was pointing at
 * 6) where can you find ameloblasts in tooth
 * 7) renal cortex and what type of tubule can you see
 * 8) What is happening in the proximal tubule of the nepheon?
 * 9) What epithelium is in the vginalcpart of the cervix
 * 10) Epithelium in the tympanic cavity
 * 11) Picture of lens with an arrow pointing on the marginal part - what is it? Lens capsule
 * 12) Where in akin is the stratum lucidum reduced? Possible answers: a)planta pedis (foot) b)palm of hand c)sternicleidomastoid region
 * 13) In which layer of the skin can you find hair follicles
 * 14) In which layer of the skin are melanocytes? (Exactly)
 * 15) Where is the bleastocyste forming? Possible answers: a)after implantation b)in uterus c)in ovaries
 * 16) Electrom microscopy picture with microvilli and what’s the structure above them - GLYCOCALYX
 * 17) Type of connective tissue in the mammary gland!!
 * 18) How are osteocytes connected- possible answers: a)desmosomes, b)zonula adhaerens, c)zonula occludens         (btw i think it’s gap junctions, right?)
 * 19) Spleen scheme and identify the structures the arrows are pointing at: a)white/red pulp b)travecular artery c)…
 * 20) Which cells do meiosis? possible answers: spermatigonia, spermatocytes,..
 * 21) from what do theca foliculi cells come from?
 * 22) Where do melanocytes come from (neural crest)
 * 23) What causes the neural crest to differenciate?
 * 24) What is imn the microtubules? options:-smooth muscle cells / microfilaments /…
 * 25) What myelinates the nerves in PNS
 * 26) Nerve bundle picture - what is the arrow pointing at? (perineurium/epineurium….)
 * 27) Cell cycle - phases in the right order
 * 28) where do secaceous glands in skin empty themselves (for example on the skin surface/near the hair, idk..?)
 * 29) Embryology picture (I guess page 54 Langmann) - what is the structure - a picture with cytotrofoblast/syncitiotrofoblast etc options:primary/secondary yolk sac/ amnionic cavity /…
 * 30) What is allantois? Where does it come from?
 * 31) Epithelium in the proximal tubule of the kidney
 * 32) protein motors of microfilamnets (myosin i think)
 * 33) dehydratation process in staining with Hematoxylin eosin - options: xylene or benzene /going up/down with alcohol meaning like 70%->80%->90%…
 * 34) in granules of which cell can you find the major basic protein? eosinophilic granulocyte, basophile / neutrophile,..
 * 35) kardiomyocyte - what’s the shape + how long and wide
 * 36) how is adenohypophysis formed (Rathke’s pouch of the ECTOderm
 * 37) Which structures originate from the paraaxial mesodrerm (the kidneys etc)
 * 38) what is the cell membrane composed of: options 2 layers of fosfolipids /2 layers of proteins,…
 * 39) cilliary curpuscule - options: avascular / type of epithelium / contains smooth muscle,…
 * 40) Erytrocyte with 32g of hemoglobin is: options: normocyte/…
 * 41) picture of the epithelium: what type of epithelium is it
 * 42) urinary bladder: options: has pleated mucosa/something about th emuscle/…

receptors of TH lymphocytes

decidual cells - are they eosinofilic? +other facts about them

page 42 - Langman - cleavage - does the process of mitotic divisons without th evolume being increased continue after implantation - i think that’s false