Von Willebrand factor

Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is a glycoprotein involved in the second part of the hemostatic process − platelet reaction.

Synthesis

 * by endothelial cells (subsequently stored in Weibel-Palade bodies);
 * megakaryocytes;
 * platelets (in α-granules);
 * subendothelium.

Structure
The basic monomer of vWF is a protein made up of 2050 AMK. We distinguish several domains on it that have a specific function: Monomers of vWF are further organized into dimers (in the endoplasmic reticulum) and then into multimers (in the Golgi apparatus). Multimers consist of 80 or more subunits linked by disulfide bonds and are among the largest molecules in blood plasma.
 * A1 domain binds to:
 * platelet membrane,
 * heparin.
 * A3 domain binds to collagen,
 * the "cysteine ​​knot" domain – facilitates the formation of dimers,
 * D'/D3 domain binds to inactive plasma factor VIII.

Von Willebrand factor is one of the few proteins that carries blood group AB0 agglutinogens. Blood group also depends on the level of vWF in the plasma. People with group 0 have the lowest levels, while people with group AB have the highest.

Features
Von Willebrand factor is involved in primary hemostasis by mediating platelet aggregation and adhesion to collagen. Only large multimeters are capable of performing this function. Furthermore, vWF also has its function in secondary hemostasis, where it stabilizes FVIII (binds it to itself). By binding to FVIII, vWF prevents its inactivation by proteases such as protein C or FXa.

Deficiency or defect in vWF manifests as von Willebrand disease - bleeding conditions.

Breakdown
Von Willebrand factor is cleaved by metalloproteases (between tyrosine and methionine) into smaller sections, which are limited in their ability to induce aggregation and adhesion as much.

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