Tumor epidemiology

It is a separate discipline that collects and analyzes data on the incidence and mortality of cancer.

Descriptive epidemiology

 * Describes data on the incidence and mortality of individual tumors,
 * usually uses relative numbers per 100,000 inhabitants,
 * terms:
 * incidence (number of new tumors),
 * prevalence (number of tumors over a period of time),
 * mortality

Analytical epidemiology

 * He tries to find causal links in the description (eg smoking - lung cancer, stomach cancer - Japan…),
 * the number of tumors is growing, the second place in mortality (behind diseases of the cardiovascular system),
 * rise - lung cancer (today mainly in women, in men it begins to decline),
 * decrease - stomach cancer, cervical cancer (effective prevention),
 * steady state - breast cancer ,
 * in the Czech Republic there is a high incidence - colorectal cancer, kidney cancer,
 * Currently, there is a decline in lung cancer - in the 70s, IM began at a younger age, people stopped smoking.
 * in what the Czech Republic leads ,
 * the most in the world are kidney cancers (they do not have such a mortality, they are not talked about so much), colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer ,
 * We are the 1st in Europe in mortality from uterine and ovarian cancers.


 * The country with the highest incidence of cancer - Hungary,
 * the highest incidence of melanomas - Scandinavia (residents travel a lot).

Incidence of carcinomas in the Czech Republic (year 2017):
Incidence


 * men


 * 1) Prostate cancer (C61)
 * 2) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)
 * 3) ZN trachea, bronchi and lungs (C33, C34)


 * women


 * 1) ZN breast (C50)
 * 2) neoplasms in situ (D00-D09)
 * 3) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)
 * 4) ZN trachea, bronchi and lungs (C33, C34)

Mortality


 * men


 * 1) ZN trachea, bronchi and lungs (C33, C34)
 * 2) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)
 * 3) Prostate cancer (C61)


 * women


 * 1) ZN trachea, bronchi and lungs (C33, C34)
 * 2) ZN breast (C50)
 * 3) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)

Prevalence


 * men


 * 1) Prostate cancer (C61)
 * 2) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)
 * 3) Kidney ZN (C64)


 * women


 * 1) ZN breast (C50)
 * 2) neoplasms in situ (D00-D09)
 * 3) ZN uterus (C54, C55)
 * 4) ZN of large intestine and rectum (C18 – C20)

CAVE! - skin tumors do not count here, non-melanoma skin ZN (C44) is in the first place in the incidence

Carcinogens
More detailed information can be found on the pages Physical carcinogenesis, Chemical carcinogenesis , Viral carcinogenesis .


 * Tobacco - 15-30% of tumors,
 * chronic infections 10-25%,
 * nutrition 30%,
 * other 5%,
 * tobacco - lungs, tongue + oral cavity, stomach, kidneys, suppository, bladder, pancreas (?),
 * chron. infections - EBV (Burkitt's lymphoma), Helicobacter pylori, HBV , HCV , papillomaviruses,
 * ca stomach - famous is Japan - probably thanks to Sushi - raw meat (many infections),
 * 99% of cervical cancers - papillomavirus.

Screening
See Cancer Screening for more information .

Hereditary cancers
See Hereditary Tumor Syndromes for more information .


 * Only 10% of tumors can be traced family,
 * they have some common features, they occur at a younger age, they are usually AD hereditary, they are more often multifocal,
 * the most common hereditary tumors include:
 * retinoblastoma - Rb gene mutations, bilateral retinoblastoma, more common bone sarcomas and breast and lung tumors,
 * familial colon polyposis - APC gene mutation,
 * Gardner's and Turcot's syndrome - GIT polyps, a cancer of both the colon and elsewhere (often medullary thyroid carcinoma ), it is a deletion on chromosomes 17 and 18,
 * FAMMM (familial atypical multiple mole melanoma) syndrome - deletion on the 1st chromosome, dysplastic nevi and melanoma,
 * Li-Fraumeni syndrome - familial occurrence of breast cancer and other tumors (p53 defect),
 * Lynch's sy I (HNCPP - hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) - colon carcinoma without polyposis (repair defect),
 * Lynch's sy II - in addition to colon cancer, there are other cancers (stomach, breast, endometrium, endocrine…),
 * others - Wilms' tumor, Neurofibromatosis , MEN sy, Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1, BRCA2 genes).

Related Articles

 * Incidence of tumors
 * Hereditary tumor syndromes
 * Cancer prevention
 * Cancer screening
 * Risk factors for cancer