Portal:Questions for final examination in Histology (1. LF UK, GM)

Cytology and Histological Technique

 * 1) Structural organization of the cell - overview of cell components
 * 2) Cell membrane - structure and function
 * 3) Nucleus and nucleolus – structure and function
 * 4) Membranous cell organelles - structure and function
 * 5) Non-membranous cell organelles - structure and function
 * 6) Cytoskeleton – structure, function and tissue specificity, principles of biological motors
 * 7) Intercellular junctions
 * 8) Cell inclusions, classification and functional significance
 * 9) Cell cycle and its regulation
 * 10) Cell division – mitosis and meiosis
 * 11) Cell death – apoptosis
 * 12) Endocytosis and exocytosis, their morphological manifestations
 * 13) Specialization of the cell surface, microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, basal and basolateral labyrinth
 * 14) Uptake of material for histological evaluation
 * 15) Processing of material for histological evaluation
 * 16) Histochemistry – principles and methods
 * 17) Immunohistochemistry – principles and methods

General histology

 * 1) Epithelial tissue (general characteristics, classification, polarity, function)
 * 2) Secretory epithelium, synthesis and release of secretions, types of secretion
 * 3) Absorptive epithelium
 * 4) Sensory epithelium
 * 5) Respiratory epithelium
 * 6) Connective tissue – general structure and classification
 * 7) Extracellular matrix – ground substance and fibrilar components
 * 8) Connective tissue proper – general characteristics and classification
 * 9) Collagen connective tissue – structure and function
 * 10) Adipose tissue – structure and function
 * 11) Cell types of connective tissue and their function
 * 12) Cartilage - structure and function, description of the individual types
 * 13) Microscopical structure of the bone tissue, description of the individual types
 * 14) Endochondral ossification
 * 15) Intramembranous ossification
 * 16) Microscopical structure of the bone marrow
 * 17) Composition of the peripheral blood
 * 18) Peripheral blood elements (description and general features)
 * 19) Erythrocytes (structure and function)
 * 20) Leukocytes, classification, structure and function of individual forms, leukogram
 * 21) Agranulocytes – mononuclears, structure and function
 * 22) Granulocytes – polymorphonuclears, structure and function
 * 23) Platelets – differentiation, structure and function
 * 24) Preparation, staining and evaluation of the blood smear
 * 25) Hematopoiesis, its periods, stem and progenitor cells, regulation of hematopoiesis
 * 26) Development of erythrocytes
 * 27) Leukopoiesis
 * 28) Muscle tissue and its classification
 * 29) Smooth muscle tissue
 * 30) Cross-striated muscle tissue, common features structure and function
 * 31) Structure of the skeletal muscle
 * 32) Ultrastructure and function of the myofibril
 * 33) Structure of the myocardium, structure and function of the heart impulse-conducting system
 * 34) General structure of nervous tissue
 * 35) Nerve cell – structure, types of neurons
 * 36) Synapses – structure and function, types of synapses
 * 37) Types of nerve fibers and their sheaths
 * 38) Neuroglia – common features, classification and function
 * 39) General structure of blood vessels, classification and function
 * 40) Capillaries, classification, structure and function
 * 41) Heart, structure of the wall, valves, impulse-conducting system
 * 42) Lymphoid organs and defense of the organism
 * 43) Thymus, structure and function
 * 44) Lymph node, structure and function
 * 45) Spleen, structure and function

General embryology

 * 1) Development of female gametes – oogenesis
 * 2) Development of male gametes – spermatogenesis
 * 3) Fertilization and early development of the human embryo
 * 4) Development of the blastocyst
 * 5) Implantation of the blastocyst
 * 6) Development of the amniotic and yolk sacs, chorion
 * 7) Embryonic disc and its differentiation
 * 8) Formation of the germ layers
 * 9) Notogenesis
 * 10) Primitive blood circulation
 * 11) Development of the umbilical cord and placenta and their developmental anomalies
 * 12) Placenta and fetal membranes structures and development
 * 13) Development of the facial region
 * 14) Development of the tooth
 * 15) Primitive cardiovascular system development
 * 16) Growth of the embryo, signs of the full-term baby, childbirth (parturition)
 * 17) Multiple pregnancies, twins and their fetal membranes
 * 18) Differentiation of mesoderm and mesenchyme
 * 19) Anomalies of the implantation, ectopic pregnancy
 * 20) Causes and manifestations of abnormal development, teratogenesis
 * 21) Development of the nasal and oral cavities
 * 22) Development of the chorion and chorionic villi. Hematoplacental barrier