Evaluation of spermiogram


 * Quantitative microscopic analysis of ejaculate obtained after 2-4 days of sexual abstinence by masturbation or captured during sexual intercourse in a condom made of a special material that does not damage sperm.


 * In recent years, there has been a permanent deterioration of the spermiogram:
 * in 1951 the lower limit was 80 mil./ml, in 1964 it was revised to 40 mil./ml, in 1980 to 20 mil./ml and in 2010 WHO established 15 mil./ml as the norm.

Normal spermiogram

 * After 2-7 days of sexual abstinence:
 * volume 1.5-4.8 ml;
 * pH 7,2–7,8;
 * sperm above 15 million/ml;
 * total movement: 40 %
 * progressive movement: 32 %
 * morphology: normal forms of sperm: 4 %

Findings
If we talk about the quality/quantity of the ejaculate as such, we use the suffix - spermia, but if we want to comment on the number or characteristics of the sperm contained in the ejaculate, we use the suffix - zoospermia. It is good to be aware of this distinction in terminology, as it is often mistaken.
 * aspermia – complete absence of ejaculate (no ejaculate formed or retrograde ejaculation);
 * pyospermia – leukocytes in the ejaculate;
 * hemospermia – erythrocytes in the ejaculate;
 * normozoospermia – parameters are within normal limits;
 * oligozoospermie:
 * below 15 mil./ml, the probability of fertilization may be reduced
 * drop below 5 million/ml – oligospermia gravis;
 * asthenozoospermia – sperm movement is lower than normal, higher percentage of defective forms;
 *  teratozoospermia– too many morphologically abnormal sperm;
 *  azoospermia  – sperm are absent:
 * obstructive;
 * testicular;
 * necrozoospermia – only avital sperm are present;
 *  cryptozoospermia - the absence of sperm in the native sample, after centrifugation the presence of a small amount of sperm (serves to distinguish azoospermia, which most often has an obstructive etiology, from a serious disorder of the germinal epithelium)
 * combination of the above pathologies: oligoasthenozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, oligoteratozoospermia.

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