Fractures of the facial skeleton

Fractures of the facial bones are divided into:
 * 1) injuries of the teeth + dentoalveolar process
 * 2) Injuries of the lower facial stage (TMJ injuries, mandiublar fractures)
 * 3) injuries of the middle facial stage (nosal bones,  nasomaxillary complex, Le Fort I + II type fracture, sagittal fracture of the maxilla + palatine bones; fractures of the zygomatomaxillary complex, zygomatic arch; Le Fort III type fracture; „blow-out“ fracture)
 * 4) fractures of the upper facial stage (linear, impression, frontonasoetmoid,  sinus frontalis fractures)
 * 5) frontobasal injuries
 * early + definitive treatment of these fractures leads to better functional + aesthetic results
 * prognosis for healing of facial skeletal fractures is good
 * the basis of therapy is repositioning + fixation of fractures
 * provisional fixation: sling dressing of the chin + nose, provisional fixation of the fractured upper jaw with a wooden skewer, transport splints
 * definitive fixation: wire ties, Ivy's knuckle, Sauer's splint, intermaxillary fixation, Adams hinges, bone suture, mini-braces

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 * Facial soft tissue injuries
 * Treatment of jaw fractures