Psychological and social theories of mental illness

Sigmund Freud



 * founder of psychoanalysis, a scientifically structured system for understanding mental illness
 * dynamic personality strength – psychosexual energy = libido
 * pregenital infantile sexuality – focused autoerotic
 * development from childhood – oral, sadistic-anal, phallic and puberty
 * libido can get stuck in a certain developmental stage, fixation gives a basis for perversions
 * libido suppression – neurosis
 * other mental life structures – Id, Ego, Superego
 * neurosa – confikt Ego and Id
 * psychotic disorders – disorders of the relationship between the ego and the environment
 * treatment by shifting experiences from unconscious to conscious – psychoanalysis ( only limitedly )

Carl Gustav Jung

 * Looking for a connection between personal experience and existence of all mankind


 * Archetypes - allow an insight of individual fate




 * origin schizophrenia - experience of a strong affection that is equal to seeing the mythical medusa

Alfred Adler

 * neurosa as a person's defense against the feeling of one's own worthlessness -  a complex of inferiority 

H.S Sullivan

 * The basis of disorders is in the disorder of relationships between people

California school

 * He also deals with interpersonal communication, theory of "double ties" - the emergence of schizophrenia is due to interpersonal communication in the family ("parents are always right, do not listen because he is lying")

Behavioural psychotherapy

 * study of learning and behaviour process
 * A neurotic patient has either not learned to the non -adaptive behaviour or is missing the correct formulas

Daseinsanalysis

 * From the existential philosophy of psychiatrists from Germany, it emphasizes' 'unrepeatability and uniqueness of the human creature', the therapist seeks to empathize with the patient

Existential analysis

 * emphasizes  the desire for the meaning of life , in doubt about the meaning of existence arises, frustration, neurosis and depression

Humanist psychology

 * tries to understand the inner experiences of an individual and teach him to control the recognized
 * Personal development is in understanding and manifesting your feelings

Theory based on the studio of family interaction
Develops in the middle of the 20th century
 * Family - a small group that is specifically different from other social groups
 * Basic interaction - mother -network
 * nuclear family
 * Balance, sometimes at the cost of a "scapegoat" (scapegoat) - for example, one child is constantly angry, so parents solve his offenses and not disagreements with each other, it can play a role in the development of schizophrenia

Nexal family

 * closed to the world and the other
 * Loss of autonomy of individual members, all must submit to the internal rules of the family
 * Lack of individual and family perspectives, suppresses the development of children
 * Development of the disease in a nexal family:
 * Phase - The child is born with difficulty in expressing their needs, the family is not recognized, the family describes the child as good, trouble -free, but actually ignores its needs
 * Phase - The child begins to have the need to show your own self, the effort to escape the family control, is assessed as a "evil" child, the family is looking for the blame outside (friends, school…)
 * phase - an individual contrary to family standards is marked mad, the family gets rid of guilt and is looking for a problem outside, a vicious circle

Healthy family

 * Communication is friendly, misunderstandings do not hide, discuss
 * satisfies the emotional needs of the members, open to the incentives from the surroundings
 * father and mother - natural authority, child has its own space
 * Emotional responses permanent and certain
 * It is clear to them that the meaning of life is in themselves

Theory of mental diseases based on social interaction

 * Mental disease has a more pronounced character of social status
 * Three Profit of Psychic Disease (Freud)
 * primary - anxiety regulation
 * secondary - changes in social situation, escape
 * tertiary - benefit for the surroundings (the possibility to care, regret, get rid of guilt)
 * The patient's status brings
 * benefits - acquittal of duties, the patient is not responsible for his condition
 * sanctions - efforts to temporarily condition, treatment
 * '' Psychiatric Stigma '

Reference

 * BENEŠ, Jiří. Studijní materiály [online]. [cit. 2010]. < http://jirben.wz.cz >.