Portal:Questions for final examination in anatomy (1. LF UK, GM)

Skeleton and its connections
Structure and types of bones, their vessels and nerves

Ossification, remodeling and growth of the bone

Connection of bones, structures and types of joints

The osseous nasal cavity, relations to neighboring structures

Bony orbit - walls, relation to neighboring structures, passages

Skull as a complex, skull of neonate

Vertebral column, connections, curvatures and motility

Craniovertebral connections

Bones of the thorax, connections, motility of the ribs

Temporomandibular joint - structure, movements

Shoulder joint - structure, movements

Elbow joint - structure, movements

Bones of the hand and foot including X-ray images

Joints of the hand - structure, movements

Bony pelvis as a complex, connections, passages, diameters, planes, sexual differences

Hip joint - structure, movements, congenital luxation

Knee joint - structure, movements

Talocrural and subtalar joints - structure, movements

Plantar arches and their support

Muscles
General features of striated muscle, its auxiliary structures, motor end plate, motor unit, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ

Muscles and fascias of the head

Muscles and fascias of the neck - suprahyoid, infrahyoid, scalene, prevertebral (draw transversal section of the neck)

Muscles and fascias of thorax (intercostal, extrinsic, diaphragm)

The diaphragm - structure, openings, position and function, innervation

Muscles of the abdominal wall, their function, fascias

Inguinal canal – walls, rings (draw scheme), inguinal hernias

Pelvic floor - pelvic and urogenital diaphragm, ischioanal fossa, fascias

Muscles and fascias of back (extrinsic and intrinsic)

Muscles, fascias and spaces of the shoulder girdle

Muscles and fascias of the arm (draw transverse section)

Muscles and fascias of the forearm

Muscles and fascias of the hand (draw transverse section), tendon sheaths

Dorsal and ventral muscles of the hip, fascias of the hip

Muscles and fascias of the thigh, femoral triangle, popliteal fossa

Muscles and fascias of the leg (draw transverse section)

Muscles of the foot, fascias (draw transverse section)

The Gastrointestinal tract
Structure of the teeth, fixation, innervation and blood supply

Primary and permanent dentition formula, eruption, types of occlusion

Tongue – description, intra and extraglossal muscles, vessels, nerves

Soft and hard palate, muscles (draw scheme), vessels, nerves, isthmus of fauces

Salivary glands - description, syntopy, innervation

Pharynx – description, divisions, muscles, syntopy, vascular supply, innervation

Tonsills (nasal, palatine and lingual, Waldeyer circle)

Oesophagus – description, divisions, syntopy

Stomach – description, shape, position, syntopy, projection on the body surface

Stomach – the structure of the wall, divisions, innnervation, vessels, lymphatic drainage

Small intestine – structure, divisions, vessels, lymphatic drainage

The duodenum – divisions, syntopy (draw scheme), relations to the peritoneum, vascular supply

The large intestine – divisions, syntopy (draw scheme), relations to the peritoneum, vascular supply

Pancreas – description, syntopy, surgical approaches to pancreas, Langerhans islets

Liver – description (draw scheme of the visceral surface), segments, syntopy

Liver - structure, nutritional and portal vascular bed, intrahepatic bile ducts

Extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, divisions, syntopy (draw scheme)

Rectum and anal canal - description, divisions, syntopy (draw frontal and sagittal sections), vascular supply, sphincters and their innervation

Peritoneum - parietal and visceral, greater and lesser omentum, mesentery

Lesser sac - walls, recesses (draw sagittal section)

Respiratory system
Nose and nasal cavity, choanae, vascular and nerve supply

Paranasal sinuses - description and topographic relations

Larynx - cartilagines, joints, ligaments, muscles (draw frontal section of the larynx)

Larynx – position and topographic relations, vascular and nerve supply, (draw laryngoscopic view of inlet)

Trachea – description, topographic relations, (draw scheme), tracheotomy

Bronchi – bronchial tree, lobar and segmental bronchi

Lungs – surfaces and relations, lobes and bronchopulmonary segments

Lungs – structure of respiratory part of the lung

Lungs – borders of the lungs, hilum, vascular and nerve supply, lymphatics, lymph nodes

Pleura – visceral and parietal, borders of the pleura, pleural dome and recesses (draw scheme), innervation

Mechanics of respiration, pneumothorax

Urinary and reproductive system
Kidney – description, syntopy (draw scheme)

Structure of kidney – cortex, medulla, envelopes

Blood vessels of the kidney, renal segments

Renal pelvis, calices, ureter – description and syntopy

Urinary bladder – structure, position and topographic relation in male and female (draw scheme)

Male and female urethra – description, divisions

Testis and epididymis – description

Scrotum and coverings of testis, descent of testis

Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, spermatic cord

Prostate, structure, topographic relations, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory ducts

Penis – structure (draw cross-section), vascular and nerve supply, mechanism of errection

Ovary – structure, function, position, vascular supply

Uterine (Fallopian) tube – structure, divisions, position, vascular supply

Uterus – shape and divisions, structure of the wall, vascular supply, lymphatics

Uterus – position, size and fixation (draw scheme)

Broad ligament of the uterus

Vagina – description and topographic relations (draw uterus and vagina in sagittal section), External female genital organs

Heart
Heart description, prenatal and postnatal circulation

Structure of heart wall and arrangement of the myocardium in the ventricles and atria (draw section through ventricles), skeleton of the heart

Endocardium, valves and cardiac skeleton (draw skeleton scheme)

Heart chambers and valves - structure, arrangement; valve function during systole and diastole

Conducting system of the heart- structure and function

Coronary arteries, veins and nerves

Heart location and projection, X-ray (draw scheme of radiogram), auscultation heart points

Epicardium and pericardium - structure, relation to the surrounding organs, pericardial reflections around the roots of the great vessels

Vascular system – Arteries
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta (pattern, topographic relation, branches)

Common carotid artery, internal carotid artery - branches supplying brain

External carotid artery - course, branches

Subclavian artery - course, branches

Arteries of upper extremity - position, branches

Abdominal aorta - position, topographic relations, parietal branches

Abdominal aorta - visceral branches

External iliac artery and internal iliac artery

Arteries of lower extremity - position, branches

Vascular system - Veins
Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, jugular veins

Internal jugular vein - course and tributaries

Cranial veins, sinus durae matris, cerebral veins

Inferior vena cava - course and tributaries, cavocaval anastomoses

Azygos and hemiazygos veins, vertebral venous plexuses

Portal vein - tributaries, portocaval anastomosis

Superficial and deep veins of lower and upper extremities

Lymphatic system
Thymus - structure, position and syntopy, function

Lymph node, lymph tissue in the organs, main lymphatic trunks

Spleen – structure, position, syntopy, vascular supply

Lymph vessels and regional nodes of the head and neck

Lymph drainage of lungs and lung lymph nodes

Lymph nodes and collectors of the stomach, liver and pancreas

Lymph nodes and collectors of the intestines and testicle

Lymph drainage and regional lymph nodes of vagina, uterus and ovary

Lymph nodes and collectors of upper and lower limbs

Central nervous system - CNS
Spinal cord – description, cross section (draw scheme), gray matter, white matter, pathways

Gray matter and white matter of the medulla oblongata and the pons (draw cross sections)

Floor of the rhomboid fossa and cranial nerve nuclei (draw scheme)

Midbrain (mesencephalon), white and gray matter (draw cross section)

Reticular formation, its connections and function

Cerebellum – subdivision, structure of the cortex, nuclei

Afferent connections of cerebellum

Intrinsic and efferent connections of cerebellum, function

Thalamus – description, nuclei

Thalamus – afferent and efferent connections of main nuclei

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus - nc. subthalamicus, relations to basal ganglia

Hypophysis, hypothalamohypophysial system

Striatopallidal complex – structure and connections

Efferent connections of the striatum and pallidum

Circuit of the basal ganglia

Functional cortical motor and praemotor areas

Sensory cortical areas

Hemisphere white matter – association and commissural fibers, internal capsule (draw scheme)

Ventricular system of the brain (draw scheme), circulation of liquor

Brain and spinal cord meninges, liquor, lumbar puncture

Blood vessels of the brain

Blood vessels of the spinal cord

Medial lemniscal system of sensory tracts, proprioceptive and tactile sensation

Anterolateral system of sensitive spinal tracts - spinothalamic, spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts, pain pathways

Trigeminal nuclei and their central projections

Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, corticonuclear fibres

Motor fibre systems of the spinal cord (medial, lateral and third system)

Auditory pathway

Visual pathway

Olfactory and gustatory apparatus and their central projections

Complex of amygdalar nuclei, connections and functions

Hippocampal formation, connections and functions (Papez circuit)

Major neurotransmitter systems of the brain

Peripheral nervous system - PNS
General structure of the spinal nerve and its main branching (draw scheme), cauda equina

Cervical plexus, supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus

Infraclavicular portion of brachial plexus (draw scheme)

Radial and axillary nerve

Median and ulnar nerve

Skin and motor innervation of head and neck

Overview of muscular and skin innervation of the upper limb

Survey of lumbar plexus

Femoral nerve

Sacral plexus

Sciatic nerve

Overview of muscular and skin innervation of the lower limb

First and second branch of trigeminal nerve

Third branch of trigeminal nerve

Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus nerve

Accessory and hypoglossal nerves

General structure of the autonomic nervous system

Cranial and pelvic part parasympathetic system

Cervical and thoracic sympathetic system

Abdominal and pelvic plexuses and ganglia of autonomic system

Enteric system

Sensory organs, skin
Eyeball (draw scheme), eyball chambers and circulation of aqueus fluid

Cornea, sclera, vitreous humor

Choroidea, iris, cilliary body, pupillary reflex

Lens-structure and fixation, accommodation

Retina

Blood vessels and nerves of eyball (draw scheme of reflected image of eye fundus), corneal reflex

Eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus

Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball

External acustic meatus and tympanic membrane (draw otoscopic view)

Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, auditory tube

Bone and membrane labyrinths (draw cross section of bony cochlea and the cochlear duct)

Skin-structure and appendages

Mamma-description and structure, blood and nerve supply, lymph drainage

Endocrine glands
Thyroid and parathyroid glands- structure, syntopy, blood supply

Suprarenal gland- structure, syntopy (scheme), blood supply and innervation

Hypophysis- structure, syntopy, blood supply

Regional Anatomy
Layers of the scalp, frontal and temporal regions

Superficial regions of the face

Infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space

External and internal cranial base - openings for vessels and nerves

Submandibular triangle, the carotid triangle (draw scheme)

Lateral neck region, the scalenic fissure

Axillary region – boundaries, content

Anterior and posterior region of arm (draw transverse section)

Cubital Fossa

Anterior region of forearm

Topographic anatomy of the hand and fingers

Gluteal region

Subinguinal region, iliopectineal fossa, femoral triangle

The popliteal fossa, adductor canal

Anterior and posterior region of the leg (draw transverse sections)

The retromalleolar regions

Topography of the foot (draw transverse section)

Mediastinum – division, borders (draw transverse section)

Thoracic wall (draw section through the intercostal space)

Projection of borders of heart, lungs and pleura on thorax

Topography of the anterior abdominal wall, vagina of the rectus muscles (draw transverse sections), vascular supply and innervation

Projection of the abdominal organs on abdominal wall

Inguinal region, inguinal canal, hernias

Topography of supramesocolic part of peritoneal cavity (transverse section through lesser sac)

Topography of duodenum and pancreas

Topography of inframesocolic part of peritoneal cavity

Retroperitoneal space, topography of its organs and main vessels

Topographic anatomy of the male pelvis (draw sagittal section)

Topographic anatomy of the female pelvis (draw sagittal section)

Pelvic floor, ischioanal fossa (draw frontal section), perineal region

Topography of the vertebral canal, lumbar puncture