LF3 Pathophysiology exam questions 2020


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1.	Sleep disorders, EEG
Short handout by Coiled.) Sleep disorders

Define sleep

Non REM – 3 phases, REM beta and theta

N1 5%

N2 45%

N3 25% N3 shortens during the night and disappears in the morning

REM 25% prolongs during the night

Take nap only for max of 30 minutes, no longer.

Non REM – telencephalic sleep

REM – Rhombencephalic – no movement except eyes

Dyssomnias – old term, not used in the new ICSD-3 classification, used to be group where the length of the sleeping time was the main parameter, thus insomnia or hypersomnia.

Parasomnias – still used in ICSD-3.

ICSD-3

1.	Insomnias – psychophysiological, idiopathic, sleeping hygiene…

2.	Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

3.	Narcolepsy

4.	Circadian rhythm

5.	Parasomnias

6.	Movement disorders during sleep – Bruxism and Restless Leg Syndrome.

Comment: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) vs. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) The point is, that in OSA during apnoic pause (no air flow from and out of the nose), you should see chest movement (there is obstruction in retroglossal space). In case of CSA, the problem is with the CNS respiratory centers and there is no obstruction, thus in case of apnoic pause (again no air flow), you will not see chest movement.

2.	Acid-base balance disturbances, overview
COPD

6.	Arrhythmias - overview
Sinus and supraventricular rhythms

Extrasystole

AV blocks

7.	Balance disturbances: Na, K (regulation, losses, consequences)
E.g.: Hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

Addison's disease

SIADH

Hypernatremia - 3 patients

8.	Blood gas transport disorder – overview
Hypoxia - table

O2 delivery formula:

9.	Blood pressure regulation and its disorders
e.g.: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

Shock - table

Do not forget neuropathies, where also ANS can be impaired...

12.	Causes and consequences of arterial hypertension
e.g.: Primary hyperaldosteronism

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

13.	Causes and consequences of hypoventilation
Respiratory acidosis

Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

17.	Causes of arrhythmia (extra- and intracardial)
E.g.

21.	Conduction abnormalities in the heart
AV blocks

22.	Disorders of consciousness (general mechanisms of origin, brain death)
Consciousness - quantity

Consciousness - quality

tLOC

Prolonged loss of consciousness

Brain death

23.	Consequences of acute and chronic bleeding (compensation)
Acute bleeding

e.g. circulatory shock

e.g. sideropenic anemia as a consequence of chronic bleeding

e.g. definition of anemia

26.	Dehydration (types, causes and consequences)
isotonic dehydration

hypotonic dehydration

hypertonic dehydration

27.	Hyperglycemia (causes and consequences)
e.g. in Cushing's disease https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease

29.	Disorders of heart signal generation
Sinus and supraventricular = atrial rhythm

Extrasystole

30.	Distributive shock, mechanisms, compensation
Septic table

37.	Glycaemia, its regulation and disorders
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Cushing%27s_disease

40.	Hyperhydration (types, causes and consequences)
isotonic hyperhydration

hypotonic hyperhydration

hypertonic hyperhydration

44.	Hypoxic hypoxia (causes and consequences)
Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

45.	Hypoxic hypoxia; compensation and adaptation; mountain sickness
e.g. Hypoxia - table

Hypoxic hypoxia - V/Q mismatch

Cyanosis

47.	Hypoxias (causes and types)
Hypoxias - table

52.	Types and causes of syncope
Syncope - types - tLOC

53.	Lung gas exchange disorder (ventilation, diffusion, V/Q ratio)
e.g. https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Obstructive_and_restrictive_lung_diseases

https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation

56.	Metabolic syndrome
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Metabolic_syndrome

61.	Phases of hypovolemic shock
Phases of shock

62.	Pulmonary hypertension (causes and consequences)
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Pulmonary_hypertension

64.	Quantitative and qualitative disturbances of consciousness (overview)
Consciousness - quantity

Consciousness - quality

66.	Respiratory ABB disturbances
COPD

68.	Complications of shock states
e.g. decompensatory phase of shock

69.	Sleep apnea syndrome (central and peripheral type; consequences)
Comment: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) vs. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) The point is, that in OSA during apnoic pause (no air flow from and out of the nose), you should see chest movement (there is obstruction in retroglossal space). In case of CSA, the problem is with the CNS respiratory centers and there is no obstruction, thus in case of apnoic pause (again no air flow), you will not see chest movement.

73.	Vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, brain death
Vegetative state = locked out

Locked-in syndrome

Brain death

74.	Ventilation control disorders
https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Control_of_ventilation