The newborn of a diabetic mother

Diabetes mellitus (DM) complicates about 2-3% of all pregnancies. Newborn mothers with diabetes fundamentally influence the level of compensation of the mother's diabetes during pregnancy. Neonatal consequences of under-compensated DM include:
 * macrosomia (maternal hyperglycemia → fetal hyperinsulinemia);
 * hypotrophy (small for gestational age, SGA, in renal, retinal and cardiac complications of the mother);
 * metabolic disorders: hypoglycemia in the first hours of life due to high plasma insulin levels, hypocalcemia in the first days of life, hypomagnesemia due to maternal hypomagnesemia);
 * cardiorespiratory disorders: perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome due to delayed maturation of the lungs and pulmonary surfactant, transient tachypnea of the newborn, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and septal hypertrophy;
 * hematological disorders: hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia and hyperviscosity;
 * congenital defects (in case of poor DM compensation in the first trimester): congenital defects of the heart, kidneys, digestive tract, CNS and skeleton, abnormal facial appearance and microphthalmos.

Pathogenesis
Intermittent hyperglycemia in a diabetic mother leads to repeated hyperglycemia in the fetus, which causes hypertrophy of fetal islets &beta;-cells of the pancreas and increased secretion of insulin. Hyperinsulinemia causes macrosomia and cardiomegaly, metabolism is activated, O2 consumption rises and relative hypoxemia occurs → compensatory increase in erythropoietin synthesis → polyglobulia. At the same time, it suppresses the formation of surfactant in the lungs and thus participates in the development of Respiratory distress syndrome (pediatrics).

Prevention

 * Compensation of preconception diabetes before planned conception and during pregnancy.
 * In pregnant women without DM, two-phase screening for gestational DM: fasting blood glucose test and oGTT in all pregnant women (see Gestational diabetes mellitus).

Related Articles

 * Gestational diabetes mellitus • Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
 * Neonatal hypoglycemia • Neonatal diabetes mellitus