Portal:Questions for Final Examination in Physiology (1LF, GM)

The cell

 * 1) The cell (cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, function)
 * 2) Cell membrane
 * 3) Transport across cell membranes
 * 4) Ion channels
 * 5) The ionic basis of the resting potential
 * 6) Ionic currents underlying the action potential
 * 7) Neuromuscular transmission
 * 8) Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
 * 9) Contraction in skeletal muscle
 * 10) Contraction in smooth muscle
 * 11) Cytoskeleton
 * 12) Sensory transduction
 * 13) Tissue maintenance

Body fluids

 * 1) Body fluids
 * 2) Homeostasis
 * 3) Composition and functions of blood
 * 4) Blood plasma
 * 5) Organic and inorganic components of blood plasma
 * 6) Plasmatic proteins
 * 7) White blood cells
 * 8) Granulocytes
 * 9) Lymphocytes, lymphatic tissue
 * 10) Monocyte-macrophage system
 * 11) Thrombocytes
 * 12) Red Blood Cells
 * 13) Blood cell formation
 * 14) Hemoglobin
 * 15) Hemostasis
 * 16) Hemocoagulation
 * 17) Coagulation factors; fibrinolysis
 * 18) Blood Groups
 * 19) Buffer systems in blood
 * 20) Mechanisms of innate immunity
 * 21) Systems of acquired immunity
 * 22) The cell mediated immunity
 * 23) Defensive properties of neutrophils and monocyte-macrophages
 * 24) Formation and function of antibodies

Blood circulation

 * 1) Electrical activity of the heart
 * 2) Conducting myocardial system
 * 3) The ionic basis of the resting potential in the heart
 * 4) Ionic currents underlying the cardiac action potential and pacemaker potential
 * 5) The role of calcium in the cardiac muscle
 * 6) Sequence of depolarization and repolarization of atria and ventricles
 * 7) Origin of the electrocardiogram
 * 8) Electrocardiographic recording
 * 9) The normal electrocardiogram
 * 10) Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle
 * 11) Mechanical properties of the cardiac muscle
 * 12) Events of the cardiac cycle
 * 13) Myocardial work
 * 14) Function of cardiac valves, heart sounds
 * 15) Pressure, volume, and flow during the cardiac cycle
 * 16) Cardiac output, regulation
 * 17) Blood pressure in the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins
 * 18) Blood pressure in the right heart and in pulmonary circulation
 * 19) Arterial pressure pulse
 * 20) Determinants of the arterial blood pressure
 * 21) Control of vascular resistance
 * 22) Arteriolar tone and range of vascular control
 * 23) Function of the microvascular network
 * 24) Exchange of materials in capillaries
 * 25) Interstitial fluid and lymph
 * 26) Venous return and its relation to cardiac output
 * 27) Receptors in cardiovascular system
 * 28) The baroreceptor regulation of the cardiovascular system
 * 29) Cardiopulmonary receptors
 * 30) Neural control of the cardiovascular functions
 * 31) Control of the cardiac output
 * 32) Control of the blood pressure
 * 33) Control of the blood volume
 * 34) Control of the regional blood flow
 * 35) Intrinsic regulation of the cardiovascular system
 * 36) Stroke volume - the length-tension relationship
 * 37) Arterial pressure and stroke volume
 * 38) Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output
 * 39) Hormonal regulation of the cardiovascular system
 * 40) Fetal and neonatal circulation
 * 41) The coronary circulation
 * 42) The circulation of the lungs
 * 43) Cerebral circulation
 * 44) Splachnic circulation

The Respiratory System

 * 1) Movements of the thoracic cage
 * 2) Ventilation
 * 3) Airways, the anatomical dead space, airway resistance
 * 4) Lung volumes and capacities
 * 5) Pleural and alveolar pressures
 * 6) Lung compliance and elastance, surface tension
 * 7) Work of breathing
 * 8) Alveolar ventilation
 * 9) Ventilation and perfusion in lungs
 * 10) Alveolar and atmospheric air - composition
 * 11) Exchange of gases in lungs and tissues
 * 12) Diffusion and transport of respiratory gases
 * 13) Transport of oxygen in blood
 * 14) Transport of carbon dioxide in blood
 * 15) Respiratory rhythmogenesis
 * 16) Chemoreceptor control of respiration
 * 17) Respiration in high altitudes
 * 18) Respiratory reflexes
 * 19) pH regulation in body fluids

The Digestive System

 * 1) Motility of the gastrointestinal system
 * 2) Chewing and swallowing, esophageal motility
 * 3) Gastric motility
 * 4) Intestinal motility, defecation
 * 5) Cellular mechanism of secretion
 * 6) Function of salivary glands
 * 7) Gastric secretion
 * 8) Pancreatic secretion
 * 9) Secretory function of the liver
 * 10) Intestinal secretion
 * 11) Gastric digestion
 * 12) Digestion in the small intestine
 * 13) Digestion in the colon
 * 14) Digestion and absorption of proteins
 * 15) Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
 * 16) Digestion and absorption of lipids
 * 17) Basic mechanisms of the intestinal transport
 * 18) Water and electrolyte absorption
 * 19) Absorption of vitamins
 * 20) Functions of the liver
 * 21) Metabolism of carbohydrates
 * 22) Metabolism of proteins
 * 23) Metabolism of lipids
 * 24) Dietary balance
 * 25) Temperature regulation

The excretory system

 * 1) The physiology of the skin
 * 2) Functional morphology of the kidney
 * 3) Blood flow in the kidney, its regulation
 * 4) Nephron, structure and function of its individual parts
 * 5) Glomerular filtration, its regulation
 * 6) Processing of the filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
 * 7) Renal mechanisms of the ion transport
 * 8) Renal transport mechanisms of the organic compounds
 * 9) Examinations of the renal function, clearance
 * 10) Control of the renal functions
 * 11) Control of extracellular fluid osmolality
 * 12) Control of extracellular fluid volume, sodium and potassium balance
 * 13) Body acid-base state and its regulation
 * 14) Renal regulation of the acid-base balance
 * 15) Micturition

The endocrine system

 * 1) Mechanisms of cell signaling
 * 2) Synthesis, release, disposal, and regulation of hormone secretion
 * 3) Hormone action
 * 4) The adrenocortical hormones
 * 5) Growth hormone, growth factors, and control of the body growth
 * 6) Regulation of the carbohydrate metabolism
 * 7) Insulin secretion, action, and regulation
 * 8) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal relations
 * 9) The thyroid hormones secretion and its regulation
 * 10) Thyroid hormones action
 * 11) The adrenal medulla
 * 12) Stress and emergency reaction
 * 13) Glucocorticoids
 * 14) Mineralocorticoids
 * 15) Control of the calcium and phosphate balance
 * 16) Hormones of the anterior pituitary
 * 17) Secretion and physiological effects of catecholamines
 * 18) Neurohypophyseal hormones
 * 19) Biogenic peptides, neuropeptides, local chemical mediators
 * 20) Endocrine and biological rhythms
 * 21) Sexual differentiation
 * 22) Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male
 * 23) Reproductive and hormonal functions of the female
 * 24) The ovarial cycle
 * 25) Physiology of pregnancy
 * 26) Functions of the placenta
 * 27) Lactation
 * 28) Fetal and neonatal physiology

Principles of neurophysiology

 * 1) Structure and function of nerve cells
 * 2) Membrane potentials
 * 3) Transformation of a synaptic input into action potential
 * 4) Action potentials and its propagation
 * 5) Structure and function of axons, dendrites and dendritic spines
 * 6) Structure and function of synapses
 * 7) Synaptic transmission
 * 8) Postsynaptic potentials
 * 9) Transmitters in the nervous system
 * 10) Integration activity of neurons
 * 11) Functions of the neuronal circuits
 * 12) Reflex arc, classification of reflexes
 * 13) Organization of inhibitory circuits
 * 14) Milieu of the central nervous system
 * 15) Glial cells, brain barrier systems

The motor system

 * 1) Excitation-contraction coupling in the skeletal muscle
 * 2) Neuromuscular junction and ion changes during the muscle contraction
 * 3) Physiology of the muscle contraction, energy requirements
 * 4) The neural control of movements
 * 5) The peripheral motor control
 * 6) Spinal reflexes
 * 7) Muscle tone and its control
 * 8) Motor functions of the spinal cord
 * 9) Motor functions of the brain stem
 * 10) Motor functions of the basal ganglia
 * 11) Function of the cerebellum
 * 12) Cortical control of motor functions

The autonomic nervous system

 * 1) Physiology of the smooth muscle contraction
 * 2) Control of the smooth muscle contraction
 * 3) Characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic action
 * 4) Autonomic innervation of various structures
 * 5) The hypothalamic functions
 * 6) Control of the food intake

The sensory physiology

 * 1) Classification of receptors
 * 2) Signal transformation in receptor cells
 * 3) Signal coding
 * 4) Somatic sensations
 * 5) Cutaneous receptors
 * 6) Perception of pain
 * 7) Function of the external and middle ear
 * 8) Function of the cochlea
 * 9) Processing of the auditory signal
 * 10) The vestibular apparatus
 * 11) The optics of the eye
 * 12) The accessory eye organs
 * 13) Function of the retina
 * 14) Transmission and processing of the visual signal
 * 15) The sense of taste
 * 16) The sense of smell

Integrative function of the CNS

 * 1) Function of the spinal cord
 * 2) Thalamic functions
 * 3) Function of the reticular system
 * 4) Function of the limbic system
 * 5) Function of the cerebral cortex
 * 6) The association areas of the cerebral cortex
 * 7) The dominance and specialization of the cerebral hemispheres
 * 8) Intellectual functions of the brain, language
 * 9) Mechanisms of the control of behavior
 * 10) Mechanism of learning and memory
 * 11) Waking and sleeping
 * 12) Bioelectrical activity of the CNS