Posthemorrhagic anemia

Acute bleeding

 * there is "oligemia" (reduction in blood volume) - a sudden loss of approx. 1/3 of the blood volume (i.e. approx. 1.5-2 l in an adult) leads to circulatory failure,
 * Clinically, blood loss is manifested by tachycardia, a decrease in blood pressure, a threadlike pulse, cold extremities and shortness of breath (due to insufficient transport capacity for oxygen). After replenishing the intravascular volume, typical signs of anemia (fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, tachycardia) may appear.
 * In the blood count, the bleeding becomes apparent only after a few hours, when the missing intravascular fluid volume is moved from the interstitium. Anemia then has a normochromic normocytic picture. Over time, there will be an increase in the number of reticulocytes.


 * Therapy: stop the bleeding, the missing blood volume is replenished depending on the amount of blood loss with blood plasma substitutes (colloid solutions), plasma or whole blood.

Chronic bleeding

 * Most common causes: GIT (gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, tumors, hemorrhoids), urogenital (metrorrhagia, from kidney, urine, bladder)
 * Anemia is caused by a lack of Fe in the body (sideropenic anemia), due to its increased losses. In addition, they can already carry ""daily losses of 2-4 ml"" of blood.
 * Hypochromic microcytic anemia is present in the blood count.

Anemia by morphology:
 * normocytic, macrocytic, microcytic anemia
 * normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic anemia

Anemia according to pathogenesis':
 * Anemia from increased loss of erythrocytes: posthemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia
 * Anemia from reduced erythrocyte production

Anemia according to ICD-10:
 * - Iron deficiency anemia, Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, Folic acid deficiency anemia
 * - Anemia due to enzyme disorders, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Acquired hemolytic anemia (Hemolytic- uremic syndrome, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
 * - Aplastic anemia, Acquired pure aplasia of red blood cells (erythroblastopenia), Blackfan–Diamond syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Acute posthemorrhagic anemia, Sideroblastic anemia

Related Articles

 * Anemia