Gametogenesis (gametocytogenesis)

náhled|Spermatogeneze: 1 – basální lamina, 2 – spermatogonie, 3 – spermatocyty 1. řádu, 4 – spermatocyty 2. řádu, 5 – spermatida, 6. zralá spermatida, 7 – Sertoliho buňka, 8 – zonula occludens

Gametogenesis is the creation of sex cells - gametes (from Greek γαμετης = married). Sex cells are formed by reductional division - meiosis. This process is evolutionarily younger than mitosis. As a result of meiosis, gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes. They develop from the germinal epithelial cells of the male gonads - testes and the female gonads - ovaries.

Gametogenesis takes place in two stages:


 * growth phase (proliferation) - primary germ cells - gametogonia - have a diploid set of chromosomes and they are formed by mitosis;


 * maturation phase - gametogonia change to gametes by meiosis, take place in the gonads.

The development of male and female gametes is very different.

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis last throughout the period of sexual activity of the man. Spermatogenesis consists of two successive processes - spermatocytogenesis which is followed by spermatohistogenesis. After spermiohistogenesis, sperms are released into the lumen of the ducts and are passively carried into the epididymis. Each germ cell gives rise to four full-blown sperms.

Spermatocytogenesis
Male sex cells - sperms - develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. The maturation begins under the influence of sex hormones at puberty. The diploid germ cells - spermatogonia - grow, enrich themselves with nutrients and divide during mitosis. They divide into the still undifferentiated spermatogonia A or into already differentiated spermatogonia B, which develop into primary spermatocytes. The primary spermatocytes develop during first meiosis into secondary spermatocytes (prespermatids). This progess is followed by a short interkinesis in which no DNA replication occurs. In the second meiotic division the secondary spermatocytes develop into spermatids - small cells with haploid sets of chromosomes. The prespermatids and spermatids remain connected by intercellular cytoplasmic bridges. This connection ensure synchronized development and exchange of gene products between cells. Spermatids remain in the folds of Sertoli cells, which supply them with nutrients and energy essential for their development. Summary:

spermatogonia → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes → prespermatids → spermatids → spermatozoa (sperm) vpravo| 300px | Spermatogeneze

Spermiohistogenesis (spermiogenesis)
Konečným dozráváním mužských pohlavních buněk označovaným jako spermiohistogeneze získávají spermatidy tvar i funkci, které jsou nezbytné pro proniknutí k vajíčku a jeho oplodnění:
 * Golgiho fáze:
 * v Golgiho komplexu se hromadí malá PAS pozitivní granula, která splývají v akrosomální lysosom;
 * začíná se tvořit axonéma bičíku;
 * chromozomy jádra se velmi pevně kondenzují, DNA je fixována do krystaloidní formy bazickými proteiny – protaminy (nahrazují histony); veškerá genová aktivita je potlačena.
 * fáze čepičky:
 * akrosomový váček roste a přetahuje čepičkovitě přední okraj jádra.
 * akrosomální fáze:
 * vzniká finální akrosom s obsahem hydrolytických enzymů (hyaluronidasa – při fertilizaci rozrušuje corona radiata, kyselá fosfatasa, proteasa akrosin a další);
 * buňka se otáčí, aby předním pólem směřovala k okraji semenoplodného kanálku;
 * aktivitou mikrotubulové manžety se protahuje jádro;
 * distální z centriolů roste a vytváří bazální tělísko bičíku (druhý, proximální, bude po oplození tvořit dělící vřeténko ve vajíčku);
 * mitochondrie se přesunují do proximální části bičíku, kterou ztlušťují a vytvářejí tak střední segment spermie;
 * maturační fáze:
 * zbylá cytoplasma odhozena a fagocytována Sertoliho buňkami;
 * z můstků, které během vývoje propojovaly jednotlivé buňky vzniklé z jedné spermatogonie zbývají reziduální tělíska.

Oogenesis
Female sex cell - ovum - develops in the ovaries. The diameter of the human ovum is 0.1 mm, the size is specific for each species. The ovum is formed from the cells of germline in the ovarian cortex. There are established about 2 million germ cells - oogonia in the ovary. The ovum, like every gamete, contains half number of chromosomes (22 somatic + 1 sex chromosome).

Reproduction of oogonia by mitotic division begins at the end of the 2nd month and ends at the 5th month of intrauterine development in the first stage of reproductive division (meiosis). Coelomic epithelial cells attach to the oogonia in a single layer and form so-called primordial follicles. In about 50% of oogonia, this layer does not form and the cells die by apoptosis. The primary oocytes are created from oogonia by mitosis (in women, their formation - the growth stage - ends by the third month after birth). Primary oocytes enter meiosis. The prophase of the first meiotic division lasts to the diplotene stage, in which the oocytes remain until the hormonal initiation of further maturation, the so-called dictyotene stage

The maturation of individual follicles then continues due to hormones after puberty. The stimulus for the continuation of the first maturation division is progesterone in some species, in others the change in level of estrogen and progesterone during the cycle. The maturation takes place throughout the generation period (in a female the cycle lasts Ø 28 days - each time matures only one egg). During a woman's life, 300-400 ova are released from the ovary, but only about 400-500 ova mature. The first meiotic division (in metaphase) of the developing oocyte produces two haploid cells: one secondary oocyte and one rudimentary cell, so-called first polar body. The cell remains undivided.

The second meiotic division is completed after ovulation, after the sperm penetrates to the ovum. The secondary oocyte divides into ovum and the second polar body. At the same time, the 1st polar body undergoes mitosis, divides into two other bodies and then all 3 polar bodies disappear. During the maturation of the ovum before the ovulation, some genes of the ovum are intensively expressed. RNA, protein and reserve materials are synthesized, and some mRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm where they are stored in an inactive form and activated only after fertilization of the egg. Other nutrients, proteins and RNA of all types are transported into the egg from the cells of follicle. Some reserve materials are synthesized in the mother's liver and transported by the blood into the ovum. The structure of the ovum and the amount of substances are thus significantly influenced by the genes of the maternal somatic cells. When hormonal regulation is disturbed, the proliferative phase of the cycle is prolonged. It is called over-ripeness of the ovum. The consequence is disintegration of the cell structure, disruption of the spindle apparatus and creation of chromosome nondisjunction and fetal aneuploidy.

Related articles

 * Sperm
 * Meiosis
 * Mitosis
 * Diploid
 * Haploid
 * First week of human development