Risk behaviour syndrome in adolescence

Adolescent Risk Behaviour Syndrome is an adolescent behavior that results in:


 * 'substance abuse,
 * pathological behaviour' (aggression, delinquency, self-aggression), and
 * early onset of sexual activity'.

It is one of the main causes of mortality in adolescence. {{{Citation| type = lecture
 * last name = Kabicek| first name = Pavel| topic = Adolescent Risk Behavior Syndrome| subject = Pediatrics| field = General Medicine| faculty = 1st Medical Faculty| university = Charles University in Prague| place = Prague| date = 6 November 2013}}</ref

During adolescence, sensitive psychological development takes place. In Erikson's developmental stages, adolescence corresponds to a period in which the individual is forming a personal identity, establishing his or her own scale of values and learning to be self-critical. When this development fails for various reasons, it leads to role confusion in society, which manifests itself in pathological behaviour.

Drug abuse
Of the drugs, alcohol is probably the worst, at least in terms of the number of hospital admissions due to severe intoxication. In the Czech Republic, 97% of adolescents have personal experience with alcohol, 79% of adolescents report having consumed alcohol in the last month and up to 54% of adolescents fall into the category of heavy drinking in the past month (more than five model drinks of a particular alcoholic beverage on one occasion). This ranks the Czech Republic 1st in Europe in these categories. Approximately 200 adolescents per year die in the Czech Republic between the ages of 15 and 19, 75% of whom die from external causes. In the vast majority of cases, this is a road accident. Typically, it occurs on a weekend between 24.00 and 5.00 a.m. and is caused by an alcohol-impaired driver - risky behaviour with visits to bars, discos, excessive alcohol consumption and poor judgement of the ability to drive a car.

Other drugs include marijuana in particular, with up to 43% of adolescents in the Czech Republic using it on a long-term basis, again ranking the Czech Republic first in Europe. Abuse of nicotine is also around 40%. Around 50% of boys and 40% of girls in the Czech Republic have experience with any illegal drug and there are around 2000 applicants for inpatient treatment for addiction aged 15-19.

Psychosocial area
Risk behaviour is manifested by aggression and delinquency. Another part of deaths from external causes besides traffic accidents are injuries, which tend to be caused by this behaviour. More importantly, however, is self-aggression - around 20% of external causes of death in adolescence are due to completed suicides; up to three times more common in boys than girls. Completed suicides are up to 10 times more common in 15-19 year olds than in 10-14 year olds.

Sexual life
Completed coitarché (beginning of sexual life) is experienced by 14.5% of adolescents at age 15, and 37.2% by age 16. Premature coitarché is almost certain to result in frequent change of sexual partners and a consequent high incidence of sexually transmitted infections. The 14-24 age group is ranked 2nd in the incidence of syphilis (1st in the 25-34 age group), and the 14-24 age group is ranked 1st in the incidence of gonococcal infections. In the 14-19 age group, 25% of sexually active people have any STI, 18% have HPV infection and 4% have chlamydia infection (data from the US, 8.2% of chlamydial infections in the Czech Republic ). A number of abortions and early and unwanted pregnancies are also associated with promiscuous life.

Etiology
All three domains of manifestation (substance abuse, psychosocial domain, risky sex life management) occur together and have the same risk and protective factors.

Risk factors
Exogenous risk factors:


 * weakening family function,
 * urbanization (impersonal environment),
 * uncertainty of life prospects (typically adolescents excluded from school - poor job placement and unemployment)

Endogenous risk factors:


 * e.g. ADHD

Protective factors
Most protective factors are well documented and proven:


 * quality schooling,
 * positive role models in society,
 * strict legislation (gun ownership, etc.)

Diagnostics
A physician can figure out the following symptoms by anamnesis and examination:


 * deteriorating grades in school' - very sensitive data, can be obtained anamnesthetically,
 * abandonment of previous interests (direct and indirect history),
 * behavioural disorders (aggressive tendencies,...),
 * change of peer group (direct and indirect history),
 * change in dress style,
 * signs of self-harm,
 * weight loss' (i.v. drug use),
 * skin punctures (i.v. drug administration),
 * thrombosis (i.v. drug administration),
 * frequent infections and an unusual spectrum of aetiological agents (i.v. drug administration),
 * dental deterioration (drug abuse)

Prevention
In the Czech Republic, the vast majority of prevention programs are implemented in schools. A methodology for individual prevention interviews of adolescents with a doctor has also been developed. According to research, a doctor can gain the trust of an adolescent through a gentle and friendly interview, who then confides in him/her about his/her problem or experience with addictive substances. The methodology includes the CRAFFT and the MKN-10 questionnaires.

Related articles

 * Family dysfunction
 * Abused, Abused and Neglected Child Syndrome
 * Mental anorexia
 * Bulimia
 * Adolescence
 * Psychological development according to E. H. Erikson

Reference

 * 1) KABÍČEK, Pavel, Štěpán SULEK a Linda MIZEROVÁ. Syndrom rizikového chování v dospívání (možnosti efektivní prevence v oblasti abúzu návykových látek). Pediatrie pro praxi [online]. 2010, roč. 11, vol. 1, s. 46–48, dostupné také z < http://pediatriepropraxi.cz/artkey/ped-201001-0011.php >. ISSN 1803-5264.
 * 2) ↑ Skočit nahoru k:a b c d KABÍČEK, Pavel. Syndrom rizikového chování v dospívání [přednáška k předmětu Pediatrie, obor Všeobecné lékařství, 1. lékařská fakulta Univerzita Karlova v Praze]. Praha. 6.11.2013.
 * 3) ↑ Skočit nahoru k:a b c d The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. . The 2011 ESPAD Report : Summary [online] . 1. vydání. 2012. Dostupné také z < http://www.espad.org/en/Reports--Documents/ESPAD-Reports/ >.
 * 4) ↑ FORHAN, Sara E, Sami L GOTTLIEB a Maya R STERNBERG, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among female adolescents aged 14 to 19 in the United States. Pediatrics [online]. 2009, vol. 124, no. 6, s. 1505-12, dostupné také z < https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933728 >. ISSN 0031-4005 (print), 1098-4275. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0674.