Stomach

Basic anatomy of the stomach
The stomach (ventriculus, gaster, stomachos) is a muscular sac located in the abdominal cavity under the left diaphragmatic vault. It extends upward under the rib cage into the regio hypochondriaca sinistra (the region of the abdomen below the diaphragm at the cartilage of the lower ribs), from there the stomach goes down to the right into the regio epigastrica (between the right and left rib arches).

It has the shape of a curved pouch with a left convex and a right concave edge (curvature):

The three main parts of the stomach and their formations:
 * curvatura major – curvature of the left edge, curving downwards to the left;
 * curvatura minor – curvature of the right edge, concave upwards to the right;
 * cardia (comb) - the mouth of the oesophagus from above into the stomach at the curvature minor;
 * pylorus (gatekeeper) - a narrowed place, adjacent to the stomach duodenum.
 * 1) fundus gastricus (ventriculi) – cranial, widest section, contains the food bubble;
 * 2) pars cardiaca – at the esophageal inlet, to the right of the fundus at the small curvature;
 * 3) ostium cardiacum (cardia) - the proper orifice of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction;
 * 4) incisura cardiaca – the notch between the cardia and the fundus;
 * 5) corpus gastricum (ventriculi) – the body of the stomach;
 * 6) canalis gastricus – the body cavity of the stomach;
 * 7) incisura angularis – a break in the curvature of the curvature minor at the boundary of the fundus and pylorus (clearly visible on X-ray);
 * 8) pars pylorica –the distal section, the narrowest, passes into the duodenum;
 * 9) antrum pyloricum – beginning of pars pylorica at incisura angularis;
 * 10) canalis pyloricus – continuation of the antrum into its own gatekeeper, 2-3 cm long;
 * 11) pylorus (gatekeeper) - the place of transition of the stomach into the duodenum;
 * 12) ostium pyloricum – own (closable) opening of the stomach into the duodenum.

The empty or less filled stomach is flattened anteroposteriorly and is discernible on it:

Functional sections recognized on a live stomach:
 * 1) paries anterior – anterior wall (ventrocranially);
 * 2) paries posterior –posterior wall (dorsocaudally).

Functional sections recognized on a live stomach:

In X-ray imaging, the fundus is referred to as the fornix gastricus. The peristalsis of the stomach takes place in four simultaneous waves, the largest being the contraction in the sulcus intermedius.
 * 1) pars digestoria – descending section, from cardia and fundus to incisura angularis, includes fundus and corpus, incisura major - incisure at curvature major, separates on the living fundus and corpus;
 * 2) pars egestoria – ascending section, from the incisura angularis right up to the pylorus (corresponding to the pars pylorica), 2 parts (separated by the sulcus intermedius) : the gastric sinus (corresponding to the antrum pyloricum) and the canalis pyloricus.

In X-ray imaging, the fundus is referred to as the fornix gastricus. The peristalsis of the stomach takes place in four simultaneous waves, the largest being the contraction in the sulcus intermedius.

The shape of the stomach

 * variable – individually, depending on the amount of filling and the position of the body;
 * 2 typical shapes:


 * 1) hook-shaped (siphonic) stomach - "J" shape, more frequent, typical descending and ascending part, conspicuous incisura angularis;
 * 2) bull's horn-shaped stomach - oblique, smoothly tapering, gradual curvature.

Skeleton projection

 * Individually variable, ¾ stomach left of midline.

Position of the cardia

 * Less variable;
 * under the diaphragm to the left of the spine;
 * lying down: projected in front of the left side of vertebra Th10, standing: in front of the left side of vertebra Th12;
 * fundus (fornix) with the stomach bubble from the cardia to the left, through the diaphragm urges on the heart and on the base of the left lung.

Position of the pylorus

 * standing: projected to the right side of the spine, most often to the level of the L2-L4 vertebrae, difference lying down: approximately 2 vertebrae.

The lowest point on the curvature major

 * Interface of vertebrae L3-L4, with bull's horn-shaped stomachs above, standing up to vertebra L5.

Cardia

 * Standing: projected on the left rib arch to the tip of the 7th rib, the upper edge of the fundus (fornix) extending to the level of the 5th-6th rib cartilages.

Curvatura major

 * It crosses the left rib arch at the level of the tip of the attached cartilage of the 10th rib;
 * caudally may reach close to the bicrystalline line.

Pylorus

 * It is projected 2.5 cm to the right of the midline + 5 cm caudal to the centre of the right rib arch.

Relations of the stomach to its surroundings (syntopy)
The front surface of the stomach presses on:


 * the lower surface of the liver (left lobe);
 * left diaphragmatic vault;
 * the anterior abdominal wall.

The posterior surface of the stomach presses on:


 * diaphragm;
 * left adrenal gland and left kidney;
 * pancreas;
 * spleen;
 * mesocolon transversum.

The lower edge of the great curvature insists on:


 * colon transversum.

Hinges on the stomach

 * Duplications of the peritoneum (peritoneal double sheets);
 * continue from the serous coating of the stomach from both curvatures as parts of the original anterior and posterior mesogastrium;
 * connect the stomach to the environment;
 * where the vessels of the stomach come to the curvatures.

Omentum minus (small vestibule) - part of the original anterior mesogastrium, peritoneal duplication extending from the curvature minor to the lower surface of the liver.Bursa omentalis - space behind the omentum minus and stomach (between them and the peritoneal cover of the posterior abdominal wall), borders : liver (cranially), mesocolon transversum (caudally).

Omentum majus (large vestibule) - part of the original posterior mesogastrium, from the curvature major of the stomach → through the colon transversum (coalesces with it) → caudally in front of the intestinal villi (between them and the anterior abdominal wall) as a wide, freely hanging peritoneal lash, permeated by blood vessels or even adipose tissue, increasing the absorptive surface of the peritoneum.


 * Lig. gastrocolicum – the section of the omentum majus between the stomach and its junction with the colon transversum;
 * Lig. gastrolienale – part of the omentum majus, its continuation from the curvature major of the stomach to the left into the hilum of the spleen.

Stomach size

 * variable;
 * empty stomach: length 25 cm, width at fundus 4-5 cm, at pylorus 1,5 cm, weight 130 g, volume about 1 litre;
 * from birth it increases rapidly, from 6 years 1 liter.

Construction of the stomach wall
Structure in 4 layers (corresponds to the general structure of the digestive tube)
 * 1) mucosa - with many stomach glands - tunica mucosa
 * 2) submucosal ligament - tela submucosa
 * 3) muscle layer - tunica muscularis
 * 4) serous coating - tunica serosa

Mucosa of the stomach

 * composed of epithelium (single-layered cylindrical), lamina propria mucosae (sparse collagenous connective tissue), lamina muscularis mucosae;
 * orange-red on the living (pale, poisoned on the corpse);
 * "junctional line" against the lighter esophageal mucosa;
 * protective mucus on the surface;
 * plicae gastricae (mucous membrane algae) - reticulate, with a predominance of longitudinal algae:
 * longitudinal lashes - more conspicuous in both curvatures (highest in curvature minor);
 * sulcus salivarius (Waldeyer's path) - the space between the longitudinal algae, the path from the cardia to the pylorus, liquid food flows through the empty stomach;
 * articulation of the mucosal surface:
 * areae gastricae – patches (2-6 mm) separated by inclusions;
 * foveolae gastricae (stomach pits) - deep crypts lined with superficial epithelium of mucosa, stomach glands (2-7 pcs.);
 * glandulae gastricae (gastric glands) - perpendicular to the surface of the mucosa, from the bottom of the pits in the form of tubular glands to the mucosal connective tissue to the lamina muscularis mucosae;
 * glands of the stomach:


 * 1) glands in cardia - tubular, simple or poorly branched, cells produce thinner mucus - contains lysozyme;


 * 1) glands of the fundus and body of the stomach - simple, tubular, parts: base, proper gland, neck, isthmus, gastric pit, in the glands of the fundus 6 kinds of cells:
 * 2) mucus cells of isthmus - mucus neutral reaction;
 * 3) mucus cells of the neck - mucus acid reaction (glycosaminoglycans);
 * 4) undifferentiated cells - replace mucus cells of the isthmus and neck, surface cells in the gastric pit;
 * 5) main cells - lipases, pepsin (produced as pepsinogen - activated by acidity);
 * 6) cover cells - produce hydrochloric acid (HCl), an intrinsic factor;
 * 7) endocrine cells - serotonin;


 * 1) pyloric glands - tubular, often branched and coiled, shorter than the glands of the fundus and body of the stomach, produce mucus - similar to the mucus of the glands in cardia, contains lysozyme, G-cells - endocrine cells are interspersed among the exocrine cells of the gland, produce gastrin (release of acid in the glands of the fundus and body).

Submucosal connective tissue

 * Sparse, allows shifting of the mucosa with changes in filling and movements of the stomach;
 * contains networks of blood vessels and nerve plexus.

Musculature of the stomach

 * Three layers:


 * 1) stratum circulare – thickest, thickening from the pars digestoria to the pars egestoria, strongest in the pylorus, where it forms : musculus sphincter pylori - 2 juxtaposed annular thickenings, connected to each other on the side of the curvature minor;
 * 2) stratum longitudinale – in pars digestoria reinforced along both curvatures in stripes: taenia curvaturae majoris et minoris, in pars egestoria forming a continuous mantle;
 * 3) fibrae obliquae – the innermost layer, the fascicles adjacent to the submucosa, run from the cardia obliquely to the curvature major.
 * muscle function:
 * maintains the shape of the stomach by its tension;
 * peristolytic activity - tension of the walls and their adhesion to the contents of the stomach;
 * peristaltic activity - produces annular contractions - like a wave they advance down the stomach from the cardia to the pylorus and move the contents of the stomach (they do not pass to the duodenum).

Serous coating of the stomach

 * It consists of the peritoneum - smooth, shiny, passing from the curvature minor et major into a double leaf (duplication) of the omentum minus et majus.

X-ray image of the stomach

 * It shows on live the shape and position of the stomach and their variability;
 * X-ray contrast slurry: BaSO4 - barium sulphate (image affected by volume and weight of the contrast material);
 * also shows the peristalsis of the stomach wall.

Arteries and veins
Curvatura minor


 * arteria gastrica dextra et sinistra (← truncus coeliacus);
 * vena gastrica dextra et sinistra (→ vena portae).

curvatura major


 * arteria gastroepiploica dextra et sinistra;
 * vena gastroepiploica dextra et sinistra (→ vena portae);
 * arteriae gastricae breves – branches of arteria splenica.

Lymphatic vessels

 * They start as a network in the mucosa (connected to a network in the submucosal connective tissue) – from there the lymph flows to another network in the muscular tissue and submucosal connective tissue;
 * from a network of subserosal lymphatic collectors along the veins to individual lymph node groups: nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri (left, at curvatura minor), nodi lymphatici gastrici dextri (right, at curvatura minor), nodi lymphatici gastroepiploici sinistri (left, at curvatura major), nodi lymphatici gastroepiploici dextri (right, at curvatura major);
 * other groups of nodes: nodi lymphatici pancreaticolienales, nodi lymphatici pylorici;
 * the lymph of all groups drains into the nodi lymphaticic coeliaci (at the truncus coeliacus).

Nerves

 * Belongs to the autonomic nervous system, 2 groups:

Parasympathetic nerves

 * They come by way of the right and left nervus vagus along the oesophagus, as the truncus vagalis anterior et posterior;
 * of them to the anterior and posterior wall of the stomach : rami gastrici anteriores et posteriores - 1st neurons of innervation (with cells in the CNS), followed by 2nd (peripheral) neurons with cells in the gastric wall;
 * their fibres form the plexus myentericus et submucosus;
 * parasympathetic fibers increase muscle wall tension, peristalsis, and promote secretion of gastric glands;
 * the vagal branches also contain sensory fibres (pressure, cold, heat).

Sympathetic nerve fibres

 * They come to the stomach from the right and left sympathetic trunks by way of the splanchnic nerves and plexus coeliacus, and further along the vessels in the form of plexus;
 * unconstantly come through the left nervus phrenicus;
 * also sensory fibers (pain).

Related articles

 * Development of the stomach
 * Tumours of the stomach
 * Determination of gastric secretion, acidity
 * Gastroduodenal ulcer disease
 * Overview of gastrointestinal hormones
 * Digestive system
 * Stomach juice
 * Filling, emptying and gastric motility


 * Stomach as a histological specimen in czech:https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Portál:Sb%C3%ADrka_histologických_preparátů_(1._LF_UK)/Trávic%C3%AD_soustava
 * Practice of histological preparations in czech:https://www.wikiskripta.eu/w/Procvičován%C3%AD:Trávic%C3%AD_systém