Peripheral arterial disease

left|80px Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a serious disease arising from atherosclerosis, possibly another pathological process affecting the pelvic arteries and/or arteries of the lower limbs.

In the Czech Republic, approximately 3-6% of the population aged 60 years suffer from PAD. The incidence continues to increase with age. There are many more asymptomatic patients.

Příčiny
thumb|300px|right|Aterosklerotické postižení tepny By far the most common cause of PAD is atherosclerosis. It is responsible for approximately 90% of cases of PAD. It leads to gradual narrowing and closure of the lumen of the artery, which results in muscle and skin ischemia.

Other causes may be :


 * diabetic angiopathy ;
 * arteritis (morbus Bürger);
 * cystic medianecrosis;
 * cystic degeneration of the adventitia;
 * compressive syndromes (eg entrapment syndrome);
 * inveterate embolism (central or from popliteal aneurysm).

Risk factors

 * smoking
 * stress
 * unhealthy lifestyle, diet (diet rich in saturated fatty acids, simple carbohydrates, high cholesterol)
 * lack of movement
 * age
 * diabetes mellitus
 * genetic factors
 * arterial hypertension
 * hyperlipoproteinemia
 * hyperuricemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperhomocysteinemia

Příznaky - klinický obraz
There is a convenient English-based mnemonic here. This is the so-called 6P rule :


 * 1) Pain (pain, claudication).
 * 2) *Typically throbbing or cramping pain occurs when walking and quickly subsides after stopping. The distance the patient walks is referred to as the claudication interval.
 * 3) *In more advanced stages, resting pain appears, more intense in a horizontal position.
 * 4) Pallor.
 * 5) Paresthesias (paresthesias).
 * 6) Paralysis (stiffness, paralysis, impossibility of movement).
 * 7) Pulselessness (impossibility to feel the pulse or lateral asymmetry on the arteries of the lower limbs - a. femoralis, a. poplitea, a. tibialis posterios, a. dorsalis pedis).
 * 8) Polar/cold.

In advanced ischemia, we observe skin atrophy, hair loss, nails do not grow, they are brittle, onychomycosis ornterdigital mycosis is common. In the most severe stages, trophic defects occur - necrosis (dry gangrene), which often become secondarily infected and wet gangrene occurs.

Diagnostics

 * Anamnesis
 * It is necessary to focus on a detailed analysis of the medical history, other atherosclerotic problems, risk factors (lifestyle, smoking, etc.), family history of cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, heart attacks, CMP, etc.).


 * Physical exam
 * Examination of the 6P symptoms and the overall clinical picture. Furthermore, it is necessary to focus on the palpation of popliteal aneurysms (embolization to the periphery) and abdominal aneurysms (mostly they do not embolize, but when an abdominal aneurysm occurs, a popliteal artery aneurysm is also present in 1/3; if an abdominal aneurysm is found, it is necessary to do a duplex sono of the popliteal artery).


 * Auxiliary examinations
 * Duplex ultrasonography (ABI - ankle brachial index).
 * Intravascular ultrasonography.
 * Treadmill test (treadmill walking test; serves to objectify the claudication distance).
 * Angiography  (classical angiography or digital subtraction angiography).
 * CT-angiography.
 * MR-angiography.
 * Blood tests  (detection of risk factors).


 * ABI calculator

Stages
thumb|300px|right|IV. stádium – ulcerace na dorsu nohy To determine the PAD stage, the Fontaine classification (rather in Europe) or the Rutherford classification (rather in the USA) is used. Classification used in the Czech Republic (Fontain's extended by stage IIc, division of stage III into a a b, division of stage IV into a a b):
 * {| class="wikitable"

! !!Stages of chronic PAD
 * stage I||asymptomatic
 * stage II||claudication
 * stage IIa||claudication above 200 m
 * stage IIb||claudication below 200 m
 * stage IIc||claudication below 50 m
 * stage III||resting ischemic pain
 * stage IIIa||resting pain, ankle perfusion pressure > 50 mm Hg, finger pressure > 30 mm Hg
 * stage IIIb||resting pain, ankle perfusion pressure ≤ 50 mm Hg, finger pressure ≤ 30 mm Hg
 * stage IV||trophic changes (skin defects, necrosis, gangrene)
 * stage IVa||the limb defect arose from stage II
 * stage IVb||the limb defect arose from stage III
 * }
 * stage IIIa||resting pain, ankle perfusion pressure > 50 mm Hg, finger pressure > 30 mm Hg
 * stage IIIb||resting pain, ankle perfusion pressure ≤ 50 mm Hg, finger pressure ≤ 30 mm Hg
 * stage IV||trophic changes (skin defects, necrosis, gangrene)
 * stage IVa||the limb defect arose from stage II
 * stage IVb||the limb defect arose from stage III
 * }
 * stage IVa||the limb defect arose from stage II
 * stage IVb||the limb defect arose from stage III
 * }
 * stage IVb||the limb defect arose from stage III
 * }
 * }

Treatment
Treatment of patients with PAD must be comprehensive and permanent. Since the most common cause is atherosclerosis (see above), it should be noted that with a high probability, not only the arteries of the lower extremities will be affected. The goal of treatment is therefore to preserve the best possible functionality of the lower limbs and reduce overall cardiovascular mortality.

It can be divided into conservative and invasive.


 * Conservative treatment.


 * Elimination of risk factors (elimination of smoking, elimination of stress, weight reduction, modification of diet, treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus).
 * Pharmacotherapy
 * to reduce cardiovascular risk:
 * antiagregancia − ASA (75-160mg), clopidogrel (75 mg/day),
 * antikoagulancia - warfarin (in patients with PAD based on embolization into peripheral arteries);
 * for the treatment of claudication: vazodilatancia − cilostazol, pentoxifylin, naftidrofuryl;
 * prostaglandins - alprostadil (anti-aggregation, fibrinolytic and positive rheological effects.
 * Physical therapy (1-2 hours of walking per day; alternating plantoflexion and dorsoflexion of the leg; regular aerobic activity).
 * Compliance with hygiene rules (daily foot hygiene; comfortable, warm, waterproof shoes; treatment of yeast and fungal foot infections; prevention of foot skin injuries).
 * Hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
 * Infusion vasodilation.


 * Invasive treatment.

Starting invasive treatment is very individual. There is no strictly defined boundary when to start with invasive treatment and when not to. In this context, we usually talk about the so-called "lifestyle claudication". If claudication affects the patient's lifestyle (reduces his quality of life), endovascular and surgical methods can also be used.


 * Endovascular methods (PTA + stent or stentgraft implantation).
 * Surgical methods (endarterectomy, plastic surgery, venous or prosthetic bypass, lumbar sympathectomy ).

Related Articles

 * Index of ankle pressures
 * Atherosclerosis
 * Ischemic heart disease
 * Heart-attack
 * Arterial reconstruction
 * Angioinvasive treatment of arterial blockages and stenoses
 * Critical limb ischemia
 * Trombangiitis obliterans (morbus Bürger)

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