Thermodynamic system/classification



A thermodynamic boundary is a geometrical division between a system and its surroundings. It is usually considered nearly or piecewise smoothly homoeomorphic with a two-sphare, because a system usually considered simply connected.
 * Boundary

The system is the part of the universe being studied, while the surroundings is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the environment, and the reservoir. Depending on the type of system, it may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy (including heat and work), momentum, electric charge, or other conserved properties.
 * Surroundings



-Control Volume :(Open (flow) system): A volume with partly solid boundaries and imaginary boundary sections through which fluid moves. exchanging energy (heat and work) and matter with environment -Control Mass (Closed system): fixed mass (solid or fluid) within the boundary. exchanging energy (heat and work) but not matter with their environment, dN = 0)
 * System with a real or imaginary boundary to separate it from the rest of the universe. The rest is referred to as the environment or surroundings (often called a reservoir)

-Adiabatic boundary: not allowing heat exchange, TdS = 0 -Rigid boundary: not allowing exchange of work, pdV = 0 -Isolated systems exchanging nothing:dN = 0, TdS = 0, and pdV = 0 => dE = 0)
 * System can exchange heat and/or work