Defensive breathing reflexes/Repetitorium

Concepts assumed

 * Reflex, reflective paths;
 * breathing mechanics;
 * function V.,IX. and X.

Reflexes from the upper respiratory tract

 * 1) Sneezing: after irritation nasopharynx a deep breath and a quick, forceful exhalation through the nose and mouth.
 * 2) Protective apnea (Kratschmer's reflex): after inhalation of an irritant by irritation in the upper respiratory tract apnea, closure of the glottis, bronchoconstriction.
 * 3) Aspiration Reflex.
 * 4) Expiratory reflex.

Reflexes from the lower respiratory parts
Under normal conditions, the airways are cleared by the action of the ciliated epithelium. If this mechanism is insufficient, reflex mechanisms start.

Cough

 * After a deep breath, forced exhalation with the glottis closed, accompanied by a significant increase in intrathoracic pressure.
 * Increased intrathoracic pressure compresses the pars membranacea trachea inward and thus narrows its lumen. Then the glottis is quickly opened and the trachea is cleared by a rapid flow of air (large pressure gradient, narrowing of the trachea, turbulent flow).
 * Tusogenic zone.
 * Cough: tracheobronchial, laryngeal, productive, non-productive.
 * Loss of cough defense function.
 * Cough after operations.
 * Pathological cough - neurogenic, chronic.

Related Articles

 * Cough
 * Mechanics of breathing
 * Reflex