Pneumocystosis - disease

Pneumocystosis is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by the microorganism Pneumocystis jirovecii (carinii). This microorganism used to be a protozoan, but today it is classified as a fungus. There are 2 known morphologically distinct stages, that occur in the lungs – trophozoites and cysts.

Pathogenesis
Pneumocystis carinii is commonly found in the environment, both in the lungs of humans and animals. However, in the healthy human population, pneumocystosis ''does not occur in clinical form because the microorganisms are absorbed and eliminated by pulmonary macrophages. However, if the phagocytosis is defective, the microorganisms remain in the lungs, proliferate, and eventually fill the alveoli. They do not attack the alveolar walls and do not cause inflammation, so often pneumocystosis can be fatal.'' Pneumocystosis affects two different groups of patients. The first group includes newborns and malnourished children with an underdeveloped immune system, the second group includes adults with immunodeficient conditions (long-term administration of immunosuppressive preparations, organ transplantation, administration of steroids and cytostatics, leukemia, cancer). Pneumocystosis is currently considered the most common infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Symptomatics
Pneumocystosis is manifested by shortness of breath, unproductive irritating cough, and often fever. Other possible complications are pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum (mediastinal emphysema), and pulmonary fibrosis in the case of chronic pneumocystosis. The disease can progress to respiratory failure and death.

Cases of disseminated pneumocystosis affecting the eyes, liver, and spleen have also been reported.

Histopathology
Microscopically, the alveoli are filled with a foamy eosinophilic mass that contains alveolar macrophages and P. carinii cysts and trophozoites. In addition, it may also contain hyaline membranes and type 2 pneumocytes. In newborns, the alveolar septa are coarse due to the presence of lymphoid cells and histiocytes. The alveolar-filling mass may be removed after phagocytic function is restored, otherwise its presence may lead to diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

Diagnostics
Definitive diagnosis of pneumocystosis requires identification of the microorganism. Biological material (bronchopulmonary secretion) for examination of the presence of pathogens is obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or transbronchial biopsy. P. carinii is well visible in sections of Gomori-Grocott staining (methenamine silver strain), which stains the cyst walls black. Other methods are also used, such as Giemsa staining, which highlights the nuclei of trophozoites and intracystic bodies, or Gridley, or Gram-Weigert staining.

Treatment
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine are effective in therapy. These substances are used in treatment but also as prophylaxis.

Related articles

 * Defects in cellular immunity

Source


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