Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with high morbidity and mortality, with the major manifestation of hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative insulin insuffiency. In the last decade, there has been a significant and steady increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, including in the Czech Republic. Especially in economically developed countries, the cause of this phenomenon lies in the lifestyle of the population, such as excessive energy intake and reduced physical activity.

At present, more than 10% of the population are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in the Czech Republic (approximately 990,000 individuals). Estimates suggest that at least 5% more of the population with diabetes mellitus remains undiagnosed. These are most often type 2 DM (93% of cases), type 1 DM makes up about 5%, and other types are less common.

Classification of diabetes mellitus



 * Diabetes mellitus type 1
 * Autoimmune
 * Absolute lack of insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells of Islet of Langerhans
 * Usually affecting the younger population
 * Diabetes mellitus type 2
 * Resistance to the action of insulin
 * Usually affecting adults and the older population
 * The production of insulin could even be increased in the earlier course of the disease, with reduction in the later course of the disease
 * Gestational diabetes mellitus
 * DM that occurs during pregnancy, which resolves soon after delivery
 * Pregnant women should undergo a 2 phase screening:
 * Phase I: In the first trimester of pregnancy (up to the 14th week), assessment of fasting blood glucose
 * Phase II: Women who test negative for Phase I are subjected to Phase II of screening. Oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) is evaluated.
 * Women who experience gestional DM have increased risk of developing DM type 2 later on in life
 * Other specific types of diabetes mellitus
 * DM in endocrinopathies (acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, hypercortisolism, hyperthyroidism, etc.)
 * Drug and chemical induced DM (glucocorticoids, nicotinic acid, thyroid hormones)

Pathogenesis
Disruption of glucose metabolism occurs with:


 * Impaired insulin production or secretion (insulin deficiency
 * Impaired response to insulin (insulin resistance)
 * Possibly a combination of both mechanisms

Insufficient insulin function disrupts the transport of glucose from the blood to the cell, leading to hyperglycemia and glucose deficiency intracellularly. Insufficient glucose utilization leads to a change in the mechanisms for ATP gain. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are stimulated, while lipolytic breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol increases in adipocytes. Degradation of fatty acids by β-oxidation produces excess acetyl-CoA, from which ketones (acetacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) are formed in the liver. Acetacetate can serve as a source of energy for muscle and brain activity instead of glucose.

If the production of ketone bodies exceeds their utilization by peripheral tissues, ketoacidosis develops (with characteristic clinical sign of fruity breath). Because ketone bodies are soluble in water and excreted in the urine, could ketonuria occur as well. When the plasma glucose concentration threshold (10-12 mmol/L) is exceeded, the transport capacity of the proximal tubule is disrupted and glucose is excreted into the final urine. As glucose and ketone bodies are osmotically active, this leads to osmotic diuresis, which causes additional water to be loss in urine bringing about polyuria.

Clinical aspects
Z výše uvedeného vyplývají i charakteristické příznaky DM jako je žízeň a polydipsie, osmotická polyurie, nekonstantně přítomné nechutenství a úbytek hmotnosti způsobený ztrátou tekutin, snížením příjmu potravy a negativní energetickou bilancí při velkých ztrátách glukózy močí.

Psychologické aspekty léčby
Vzhledem k nutnosti komplexní léčby onemocnění je významná spolupráce na rovině lékař - pacient. Pacient s diabetem může zažívat problémy související s nově stanovenou diagnózou, nutnými opatřeními či souvisejícími sekundárními komplikacemi, které mohou vést ke vzniku diabetického distresu. Je vhodné, aby se lékař zaměřil i na psychologické aspekty této nemoci.

The characteristic signs include:


 * DM type 1: thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, weigh loss
 * DM type 2:
 * of DM include thirst, polydipsia, osmotic polyuria, inconstantly present anorexia and weight loss caused by fluid loss, decreased food intake and a negative energy balance in case of large urinary glucose losses result.
 * of DM include thirst, polydipsia, osmotic polyuria, inconstantly present anorexia and weight loss caused by fluid loss, decreased food intake and a negative energy balance in case of large urinary glucose losses result.

Psychological aspects of treatment
Due to the need for comprehensive treatment of the disease, cooperation at the doctor-patient level is important. A patient with DM may experience problems such as those associated with the necessary precautions (ie. restrictive diet), or related secondary complications that may lead to diabetic distress. It is appropriate for the doctor to focus on the psychological aspects of this disease as well.

Komplikace

 * Akutní komplikace
 * Hypoglykemie,
 * diabetické hyperosmolární hyperglykemické kóma,
 * diabetická ketoacidóza
 * ketoacidotické kóma,
 * laktátová acidóza,
 * laktacidotické kóma.


 * Pozdní komplikace
 * Diabetické onemocnění ledvin,
 * diabetická retinopatie,
 * diabetická neuropatie,
 * syndrom diabetické nohy,
 * ateroskleróza.



Historie léčby diabetu
Jedna z nedůležitějších událostí, která se zapsala do historie léčby diabetu, patří rok 1921, kdy lékař Frederick Grant Banting a jeho asistent, student medicíny, Charles Herbert Best objevili ve zvířecím pankreatu látku, po které klesla psům hladina cukru v krvi. Tuto látku nazvali inzulin. Posléze pokus zopakovali na třináctiletém diabetickém chlapci, Leonardovi Thompsonovi, který se tak stal prvním úspěšně léčeným diabetikem na světě a přežil dalších 13 let.

Související články

 * Diabetes mellitus (pediatrie) • Diabetes mellitus v graviditě • Gestační diabetes mellitus • Novorozenec diabetické matky • Novorozenecký diabetes mellitus • Jiné specifické typy diabetes mellitus
 * Diabetes mellitus 1. typu (endokrinologie) • Diabetes mellitus 1. typu (biochemie)
 * Diabetes mellitus 2. typu (endokrinologie) • Diabetes mellitus 2. typu (biochemie) • Diabetes mellitus 2. typu (pediatrie)
 * Vybraná biochemická vyšetření u pacientů s diabetes mellitus
 * Komplikace diabetu mellitu: Diabetická ketoacidóza
 * Diabetes a nádory • Transplantace v diabetologii
 * Metabolický syndrom a inzulínová rezistence
 * Diabetická ketoacidóza/kazuistika
 * Edukace diabetika • Dieta při DM 1. typu • Dieta při DM 2. typu • Diabetické potraviny • Speciální diabetické diety
 * Historie léčby diabetes mellitus
 * Psychologické aspekty u pacientů s diabetes mellitus
 * Diabetický distres (syndrom vyhoření, burnout syndrom) u nemocných 2. typem diabetes mellitus

Externí odkazy

 * Diabetes mellitus (česká wikipedie) • Diabetes mellitus (anglická wikipedie)
 * Diabetes mellitus - video na youtube.com
 * Subtypy diabetu LADA a MODY Medicína pro praxi 2016
 * Jednoduchá prezentace o metabolismu živin 3 LF UK, asi 2011
 * Subtypy diabetu LADA a MODY Medicína pro praxi 2016
 * Jednoduchá prezentace o metabolismu živin 3 LF UK, asi 2011
 * Jednoduchá prezentace o metabolismu živin 3 LF UK, asi 2011