Portal:Exam Topics in Pathology (1. LF UK, GM)

General Pathology

 * General mechanisms of the cell injury
 * Cell death: necrosis, apoptosis
 * Tissue and organ adaptation - definitions, examples
 * Hyperplasia
 * Hypertrophy
 * Atrophy
 * Metaplasia
 * Pathology of cell organelles and cytoskeleton
 * Metabolic disorders and intracellular metabolite accumulations
 * Intracellular accumulation of lipids - steatosis
 * Intracellular accumulation of proteins
 * Amyloidosis
 * Glycosaminoglycan accumulations (mucopolysaccharidoses), mucoviscidosis
 * Disorders of saccharide metabolism (diabetes mellitus, glycogenoses)
 * Exogenous pigmentations, including pneumoconioses
 * Endogenous pigmentations
 * Pathologic calcification
 * Disorders of water transport, hydration and cell swelling
 * Cardial findings in circulatory failure
 * Extracardial findings in circulatory failure
 * Thrombosis
 * Embolism
 * Hyperemia
 * Ischemia
 * Infarction
 * Edema
 * Dehydration
 * Hemorrhage
 * Faintness, shock and circulatory collapse
 * Definition and causes of inflammation
 * Macroscopic findings in inflammation
 * Basic microscopic features of inflammation
 * Acute inflammation
 * Phases of inflammation
 * Cellular events in inflammation
 * Outcomes of acute inflammation. Healing in acute inflammation
 * Chronic inflammation
 * Systematic in morphologic patterns of exsudative inflammation
 * Morphologic patterns of superficial inflammation and its healing
 * Morphologic patterns of interstitial inflammation and its healing
 * Granulomatous inflammatory disorders
 * Tuberculosis – forms and findings
 * Primary (preimmune) tuberculosis
 * Secondary (reactivation, postprimary) tuberculosis
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Acquired syphilis
 * Congenital syphilis
 * Leprosy
 * Systemic effects in inflammation
 * Regeneration and repair
 * Wound healing
 * Healing of thrombi, hematomas and fractures
 * Immune mechanisms of tissue injury
 * Pathology of transplantation
 * Autoimmune diseases
 * Immunodeficiency
 * Definition and classification of tumors
 * Characteristics of benign, borderline and malignant tumors
 * Local tumor growth, metastasis
 * Hereditary and acquired preneoplastic conditions and lesions (precanceroses)
 * Cancerogenes
 * Molecular basis of neoplasia, genomic instability
 * Tumor typing, grading and staging
 * Tumor-like conditions (pseudotumors)


 * Epithelium tumors
 * Mesenchymal tumors
 * Mesothelium tumors (mesotheliomas)
 * Hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors
 * Neuroectodermal tumors
 * Melanocytic tumors
 * Germ cell tumors
 * Mixed tumors
 * Virus and host cell interactions
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent viral infections of mucosae and skin
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent viral infections of respiratory system
 * Mechanisms of bacterial injury to cells and tissues
 * Local and systemic changes in infections
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial infections
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial infections
 * Acid-fast rods infections
 * Spirochaetal infections
 * Anaerobic infections
 * Obligate intracellular bacterial infections
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent intestinal parasitic diseases (giardiasis, amoebiasis, taeniasis, ascariasis, enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, ancylostomiasis, )
 * Morphologic patterns of the most frequent systemic parasitic diseases (trypanosomiasis, toxocariasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, hydatidasis, trichinosis, filariasis, )
 * Toxoplasmosis
 * Malaria
 * Sexually transmitted infections
 * Superficial mycoses
 * Deep mycoses
 * Chemical causes of diseases
 * Physical causes of diseases
 * Nutritional diseases
 * Congenital developmental disorders – types, causes, pathogenesis, consequences

The Heart and Vessels

 * Vasculitis
 * Aneurysms
 * Atherosclerosis
 * Diseases of veins, varices
 * Neoplasms of blood vessels
 * Pathology of lymphatic vessels
 * Congenital heart defects
 * Ischemic heart disease
 * Hypertension, heart in hypertension
 * Pathology of pulmonary circulation
 * Diseases of endocardium
 * Rheumatic heart disease
 * Infectious endocarditis
 * Noninfectious endocarditides
 * Valvular defects
 * Diseases of myocardium
 * Diseases of pericardium
 * Age related heart diseases
 * Neoplasms of heart

Haematopoietic and Lymphoid System

 * Anemias
 * Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
 * Myelodysplastic syndromes
 * Leukemias
 * Plasma cell neoplasms and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases
 * Hemorrhagic diseases
 * Inborn disorders of blood coagulation
 * Acquired disorders of blood coagulation

Lymphatic Nodules and Spleen

 * Lymphadenitides
 * Non-inflammatory lymphadenopathies
 * Neoplasms of lymph nodes and extranodal lymphatic tissue (lymphomas)
 * Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
 * Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)
 * Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * Splenomegaly

Thymus

 * Diseases of thymus

Resiratory tract

 * Non-neoplastic diseases of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
 * Tumours of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of larynx and trachea
 * Tumours of larynx and trachea
 * Bronchitis, bronchostenosis and bronchiectasia
 * Astma bronchiale
 * Disorders of lung aeration
 * Disorders of lung circulation
 * Lung edema
 * Pulmonary trombembolism
 * Diffuse alveolar damage
 * Lung inflammation - classification
 * Bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
 * Interstitial pneumonias
 * Granulomatous lung inflammation
 * Pneumoconioses
 * Lung tumours
 * Pathology content of the pleural cavity
 * Pleuritis
 * Tumours of the pleural cavity

Gastrointestinal Tract

 * Oral cavity – regressive and metabolic changes, pigmentation
 * Acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity
 * Chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity
 * Tumours and pseudotumours of the oral soft tissues
 * Orofacial epithelial neoplasms
 * Developmental disorders of dentice
 * Dental caries
 * Pulpitis Periodontitis Parodontopathies
 * Head and neck cysts
 * Odontogenic tumours
 * Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases
 * Neoplasms of salivary glands
 * Diseases of pharynx and tonsils
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of esophagus
 * Tumours of esophagus
 * Gastritis
 * Peptic ulcer
 * Neoplasms of stomach
 * Diverticula
 * Malabsorption syndromes
 * Infectious inflammations of intestine
 * Idiopathic inflammations of intestine
 * Appendicitis
 * Disorders of the bowel integrity and position
 * Ileus
 * Neoplasms of intestine
 * Diseases of peritoneum
 * Hernias

Liver and Biliary Tract

 * Disorders of the liver development
 * Regressive changes of the liver (necrosis, apoptosis, storage diseases, jaundice …)
 * Metabolic liver diseases
 * Icterus and cholestasis
 * Viral and autoimmune hepatitides
 * Immune inflammatory diseases of the intrahepatic biliary ducts
 * Drug and chemicals related hepatopathies
 * Liver cirrhosis
 * Neoplasms and pseudotumours of the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
 * Neoplasms of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of pancreas
 * Neoplasms of pancreas

Urinary Tract

 * Developmental renal diseases
 * Diseases of renal tubules and interstitium
 * Morphology features of “benign” and malignant hypertension in kidney
 * Atherosclerosis, infarction, and cortical necrosis in kidney
 * Vasculitides affecting the kidney
 * Diabetic nephropathy (glomerulosclerosis and other diabetes related kidney diseases)
 * Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
 * Glomerulopathies with nephrotic syndrome
 * Diseases of glomerules manifesting with hematuria
 * Systemic lupus erythematodes and its kidney manifestation
 * Kidney transplantation and rejection morphology
 * Neoplasms of kidney
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of the urinary tract
 * Neoplasms of the urinary tract

Male Genital System

 * Non-neoplastic diseases of penis and scrotum
 * Neoplasms of penis and scrotum
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of testis
 * Neoplasms of testis
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of prostate and seminal vesicles
 * Neoplasms of prostate and seminal vesicles

Female Genital System and Breast

 * Non-neoplastic diseases of vulva
 * Neoplasms of vulva
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of vagina
 * Neoplasms of vagina
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of uterine cervix
 * Cervical precanceroses
 * Neoplasms of uterine cervix
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of uterine body
 * Neoplasms of uterine body
 * Diseases of salpinx
 * Ovarian cysts
 * Epithelial ovarian neoplasms
 * Germinal tumours of ovary
 * Gonadostromal and mixed tumours o ovary
 * Diseases of placenta
 * Pathology of pregnancy
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of breast
 * Neoplasms of breast
 * Diseases of male breast

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nerves

 * Brain edema, hydrocephalus
 * Disorders of the CNS circulation - ischemia, hemorrhage
 * Intermeningeal bleeding
 * Fractures of the skull, brain commotion and contusion
 * Meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis
 * Degenerative diseases of CNS
 * Demyelinisation diseases
 * Prion diseases
 * Epilepsy - epileptic syndrome
 * Perinatal CNS damage
 * Neoplasms of brain and meninges

Musculoskeletal System

 * Disorders of the skeletal development
 * Rickets and osteomalacia
 * Osteitis fibrosa cystica and renal osteopathy
 * Bone atrophy: osteopenia and osteoporosis
 * Necrosis of bone
 * Fractures and their healing
 * Bone inflammation
 * Tumours and tumour-like lesions of bone
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of joints
 * Pseudotumours and tumours of joints
 * Diseases of tendons and tendon sheaths
 * Diseases of muscles

Endocrine System

 * Non-neoplastic diseases of the pituitary gland
 * Neoplasms of the pituitary gland
 * Diseases of pineal gland
 * Non-neoplastic thyroid diseases and thyroidal syndromes
 * Neoplasms of thyroid gland
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of parathyroid glands and parathyroidal syndromes
 * Neoplasms of the parathyroid gland
 * Non-neoplastic diseases of adrenal cortex
 * Neoplasms of adrenal cortex
 * Adrenocortical syndromes
 * Diseases of adrenal medulla and related syndromes
 * Diseases of Langerhans islets and related syndromes

Skin

 * Non-infectious inflammations of the skin
 * Infectious inflammations of the skin
 * Inflammations of hair follicles
 * Benign neoplasms of the skin (epithelial and mesenchymal)
 * Malignant neoplasms of the skin (epithelial and mesenchymal)
 * Pigmented nevi and melanoma

Perinatal Pathology

 * Mors praenatalis and mors neonatalis
 * Perinatal injuries
 * Early and late asphyxia syndrome
 * Neonatal brain bleeding, necrotizing enterocolitis and other complications of perinatal period