Nursing theory

Nursing as a scientific field
A separate scientific discipline with its own theoretical basis. It is a multidisciplinary field (it draws from a number of fields) and interdisciplinary (it uses links between fields).

Nursing Fields
Nursing is a relatively young discipline (compared to medicine). This is a very diverse field. No scientific field that deals with humans assesses them as comprehensively, from as many different points of view, as nursing. Medicine and its branches (with the exception of psychiatry) are mainly biologically oriented. Psychology focuses on the experience and behavior of a person, sociology on the inclusion of a person in social systems, structures and social processes, etc. Within the field, we can talk about basic and applied fields of nursing. We include the theory, history and methodology of nursing among the basics. Applied fields are, for example, internal, surgical, geriatric, pediatric nursing, nursing in primary health care, etc.

Nursing as a scientific field
has its own:
 * philosophy,
 * subject of investigation,
 * field theory,
 * methodology,
 * research,
 * education system,
 * national and international professional organizations,
 * metaparadigm.

Philosophy
It is based on humanismu, a movement that is oriented towards man, recognizes his value, the right to freedom and happiness, to the development of his powers and abilities (humanism has developed since ancient times, intervened in the social, literary, scientific field). The basic principles of humanism form the very essence of nursing. One who identifies with these principles can be a good nurse and find satisfaction in her profession at the same time. Another philosophical direction from which today's nursing is based is holismus. It was created in the 1920s. The name was introduced by the South African general Jan Christian Smuts (he published his views in the book Holism and Evolution in 1926). The word base is from the Greek: holos – whole, complete, intact. It is based on idealism, emphasizing the primacy of the whole over its parts. The whole does not reduce to a mere set of parts from which it is "composed" (especially physical, especially psychological, etc.), but shows the relationship between them, mutual influence.

Subject of investigation
The metaparadigm of the field consists of:
 * person – individual or community,
 * health (or illness),
 * the environment in which he lives,
 * nursing care represented by a nurse.

Field theory
A paradigm is made up of conceptual models and theories.

Methodology
Nursing process method.

Research
Absolutely essential to the development of the field, it enables the delivery of evidence-based nursing care. The nurse can research by herself, can be the object of research, can also participate in clinical research (work with respondents, sampling of material, etc.).

System of education
It respects international recommendations, it will enable our nurses to work in EU countries as fully qualified nurses.

National and international organizations
National organization – e.g. ČAS (Czech Association of Nurses) International - ICN (International Council of Nurses).

The concept of nursing in a nutshell
In this case, concept means understanding, concept, i.e. the concept of Czech nursing. The Ministry of Health has issued methodological measures to ensure a uniform procedure for the provision of nursing care in inpatient or outpatient medical facilities, in social facilities and in the social environment of individuals, families and groups of persons (Bulletin of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, volume 9, September 2004). The presented concept is based on the Nursing Concept of the Czech Republic from 1998 (created by the Council for the Development of Nursing of the Chief Nurse of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, headed by Doc. Marta Staňková), it respects the recommendations of the UN, WHO, EU, the recommendations of the European Commission, the International Labor Organization, the International Council of Nurses and International Council of Midwives. These documents determine the further development and direction of nursing and midwifery in the 21st century.

Individual points of the concept are commented briefly with regard to the text published in the recommended literature. In the bachelor's program of Nursing at the 1st Faculty of Medicine, separate lectures are devoted to individual subjects, in the case of Community Nursing it is a one-semester subject.

Introduction
Czech nursing identifies itself with the definition World Health Organization. It was listed along with nursing goals in the previous article. Characteristic features are listed on the Wiki portal in Introduction to Nursing.

Definition, objectives and characteristics of the field
Again, I refer to Introduction to Nursing.

Field workers and their education
1. Health workers qualified to perform the profession without professional supervision.

2. Health workers qualified to perform the profession under professional supervision or direct management. Both groups need to obtain a qualification in order to perform their profession and are also obliged to undergo lifelong education. The qualification study of the 1st group of workers takes place at higher medical schools and universities in accordance with the relevant directives of the European Union. Health workers qualified to perform the profession under professional supervision or direct management obtain qualifications at a high school of health care or in an accredited qualification course. Lifelong education means activities by which healthcare workers renew, increase, deepen and supplement their knowledge, skills and competence in the relevant field in accordance with the development of the field. Lifelong education also includes specialized education focused on nursing in clinical fields, but also in other areas of nursing care (management, community care, ambulatory care, ...). Lifelong education is carried out in accredited facilities. As part of lifelong education, you can obtain an academic education in the field of nursing - a master's degree or a doctorate.

Basic legal norms: A separate subject in the 3rd year is devoted to legal standards in the healthcare sector.
 * Act No. 96/2004 Coll. – Act on non-medical health professions;
 * Decree No. 424 /2004 Coll. – determines the activities of healthcare workers.