Torticollis muscularis congenita

Congenital muscular torticollis is caused by the shortening of the m. sternocleidomastoideus with the head tilted towards the affected side.
 * In general, torticollis can be congenital or acquired (ocular, neurogenic, psychogenic, secondary to infection or trauma);
 * etiology of congenital torticollis: is not precisely known (muscle rupture, intrauterine malposition, pressure, ischemia, genetic factors); the incidence is around 0.4%; it manifests 2 weeks after birth, the swelling increases within 4 months;
 * The treatment is surgical: total extirpation of the fibrotic sternocleidomastoid muscle, upper / lower tenotomy of the muscle insertion, Ferkel's surgery (Z-plasty of the muscle with its lengthening).

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 * Acquired neck deformities (plastic surgery)
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