Allergic professional diseases of the airways and lungs

The category of professional allergic diseases includes allergic rhinitis and asthma bronchiale.

Occupational allergic rhinitis

 * It is defined as an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that occurs as a reaction to an airborne allergen occurring in the workplace. An estimated 15-20% of the population suffers from allergic rhinitis, the share of professional rhinitis cannot be estimated.
 * Allergens are either "common substances" that are present in increased amounts in the workplace (flour in bakeries, grain dust...), or they are allergens ""specific to the given work environment"" ( acid anhydrides in the production of plastics...). In general, they are either "high molecular weight" (proteins, grain dust, insect antigens, latex...) or "low molecular weight" (diisocyanates, anhydrides, rosin substances, ATB...).

Professional Exposure
Similar to asthma: flour processing (bakers, millers), grain handling (farmers), animal care, contact with disinfectants (medical workers), woodworking.

Etiopathogenesis

 * Repeated contact with the allergen leads to IgE dependent activation of mast cells' → vasodilatation', edema, nasal obturation.
 * Mediators of inflammationu stimulate afferent nerve endings → itching in the nose, sneezing.
 * Accumulation of inflammatory cells is characteristic.

Pathology
Edematous mucosa with profuse serous exudation, the chronic form has a hyperplastic or atrophic character.

Acute

 * Itching and irritation in the nose, sneezing and watery discharge, often accompanied by itching in the throat, eyes and ears. Asthma is often added to the symptoms.
 * It is a type I reaction → symptoms appear within minutes, disappear quickly.

Chronic

 * Unrecognized and untreated recurrent acute rhinitis can become chronic after months or years.
 * The feeling of stuffy nose and thick mucus dominates, there may be chronic changes in the conjunctiva, lacrimation. Sneezing and itching are usually absent.

Investigative methods

 * ENT examination,
 * intradermal skin tests - a basic series of inhalation allergens (house dust, feathers, dust mites...),
 * increased IgE in serum,
 * certificate of professional specific IgE antigens,
 * smears from the nasal mucosa – cytological analysis (predominance of eosinophils),
 * Rinomanometry - measures the resistance of the nasal passages by quantitative measurement of nasal flow and pressure,
 * active anterior rhinomanometry is usually used,
 * is also used when assessing the response to provocation tests,
 * positive rhinoprovocation test – after contact with the allergen, nasal flow decreases by at least 40% and nasal resistance increases by 60%.
 * Assessment of professionalism - we must demonstrate inhalation exposure to an allergenic substance in the workplace.
 * clinical picture and specific immunological response decide,
 * people often neglect this disease and go to the doctor only after a long time.

Differential diagnosis

 * Especially rhinitises of other origins (allergic seasonal, year-round...), other pathologies in the nasal cavity must also be considered.

Occupational bronchial asthma

 * Asthma disease caused by inhalation of harmful nox at work,
 * from classic asthma this is not different at all,
 * estimate of the share of professionalism in asthma – 2-15%, the figure is probably 'significantly underestimated, doctors often do not think about professionalism at all.
 * Factors:
 * high molecular weight (animal and vegetable proteins),
 * low molecular weight (isocyanates, anhydrides, platinum salts),
 * inhalation chemicals' (chlorine, ammonia),
 * pharmacologically active substances (insecticides),
 * physical factors (cold).

Professional exposure

 * The most common allergens:
 * flour (amylase) - millers, bakers, confectioners,
 * grain dust - silo workers, farmers,
 * 'urine and fur of laboratory and farm animals - research laboratory workers, farmers, breeders,
 * disinfectants - health workers,
 * natural and synthetic fibers – textile industry,
 * wood dust - sawmills, furniture industry,
 * proteolytic enzymes – food industry, production of washing powders,
 * rosin fumes and other welding fumes – fine mechanics, welding,
 * isocyanates, acrylic resins, color pigments – chemical production.

Etiopathogenesis

 * Chronic inflammatory disease, the main cells involved - mast cells and eosinophils,
 * inflammation increases the reactivity of the bronchi, bronchospasm (obstruction) occurs,
 * mild asthma - obstruction is not present between attacks, but there is hyperreactivity,
 * severe asthma - obstruction present even between attacks.

Types of occupational asthma

 * Immunological occupational asthma
 * occurs in a small number of exposed,
 * after an initial symptom-free period, by inhaling substances that the worker previously tolerated well,
 * there is a specific immunological response' to the substance,
 * are caused by two types of substances, according to which it is a different dia

Resources

 * BENEŠ, Jiří. Study materials [ online ]. [ cit. 24.02.2010 ].

Literature used

 * PELCL, Daniela. Occupational diseases and intoxication. 2nd edition. Prague: Karolinum, 2006. 207 p. ISBN 80-246-1183-X.