Portal:Questions for final examination in pathology (1. LF UK, GM)

Final Examination Questions
A. General Pathology B. Organ Pathology
 * 1) General mechanisms of the cell injury
 * 2) Cell death: necrosis, apoptosis
 * 3) Tissue and organ adaptation - definitions, examples
 * 4) Hyperplasia
 * 5) Hypertrophy
 * 6) Atrophy
 * 7) Metaplasia
 * 8) Pathology of cell organelles and cytoskeleton
 * 9) Metabolic disorders and intracellular metabolite accumulations
 * 10) Intracellular accumulation of lipids - steatosis
 * 11) Intracellular accumulation of proteins
 * 12) Amyloidosis
 * 13) Glycosaminoglycan accumulations (mucopolysaccharidoses), mucoviscidosis
 * 14) Disorders of saccharide metabolism (diabetes mellitus, glycogenoses)
 * 15) Exogenous pigmentations, including pneumoconioses
 * 16) Endogenous pigmentations
 * 17) Pathologic calcification
 * 18) Disorders of water transport, hydration and cell swelling
 * 19) Cardial findings in circulatory failure
 * 20) Extracardial findings in circulatory failure
 * 21) Thrombosis
 * 22) Embolism
 * 23) Hyperemia
 * 24) Ischemia
 * 25) Infarction
 * 26) Edema
 * 27) Dehydration
 * 28) Hemorrhage
 * 29) Faintness, shock and circulatory collapse
 * 30) Definition and causes of inflammation
 * 31) Macroscopic findings in inflammation
 * 32) Basic microscopic features of inflammation
 * 33) Acute inflammation
 * 34) Phases of inflammation
 * 35) Cellular events in inflammation
 * 36) Outcomes of acute inflammation Healing in acute inflammation
 * 37) Chronic inflammation
 * 38) Systematic in morphologic patterns of exudative inflammation
 * 39) Morphologic patterns of superficial inflammation and its healing
 * 40) Morphologic patterns of interstitial inflammation and its healing
 * 41) Granulomatous inflammatory disorders
 * 42) Tuberculosis – forms and findings
 * 43) Primary (preimmune) tuberculosis
 * 44) Secondary (reactivation, postprimary) tuberculosis
 * 45) Sarcoidosis
 * 46) Acquired syphilis
 * 47) Congenital syphilis
 * 48) Leprosy
 * 49) Systemic effects in inflammation
 * 50) Regeneration and repair
 * 51) Wound healing
 * 52) Healing of thrombi, hematomas and fractures
 * 53) Immune mechanisms of tissue injury
 * 54) Pathology of transplantation
 * 55) Autoimmune diseases
 * 56) Immunodeficiency
 * 57) Definition and classification of tumors
 * 58) Characteristics of benign, borderline and malignant tumors
 * 59) Local tumor growth Metastasis
 * 60) Hereditary and acquired preneoplastic conditions and lesions (precanceroses)
 * 61) Cancerogenes
 * 62) Molecular basis of neoplasia Genomic instability
 * 63) Tumor typing, grading and staging
 * 64) Tumor-like conditions (pseudotumors)
 * 65) Epithelium tumors
 * 66) Mesenchymal tumors
 * 67) Mesothelium tumors (mesotheliomas)
 * 68) Hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors
 * 69) Neuroectodermal tumors
 * 70) Melanocytic tumors
 * 71) Germ cell tumors
 * 72) Mixed tumors
 * 73) Virus and host cell interactions
 * 74) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent viral infections of mucosae and skin
 * 75) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent viral infections of respiratory system
 * 76) Mechanisms of bacterial injury to cells and tissues
 * 77) Local and systemic changes in infections
 * 78) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial infections
 * 79) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial infections
 * 80) Acid-fast rods infections
 * 81) Spirochaetal infections
 * 82) Anaerobic infections
 * 83) Obligate intracellular bacterial infections
 * 84) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent intestinal parasitic diseases (giardiasis, amoebiasis, taeniasis, ascariasis, enterobiasis, strongyloidiasis, ancylostomiasis, )
 * 85) Morphologic patterns of the most frequent systemic parasitic diseases (trypanosomiasis, toxocariasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, hydatidasis, trichinosis, filariasis, )
 * 86) Toxoplasmosis
 * 87) Malaria
 * 88) Sexually transmitted infections
 * 89) Superficial mycoses
 * 90) Deep mycoses
 * 91) Chemical causes of diseases
 * 92) Physical causes of diseases
 * 93) Nutritional diseases
 * 94) Congenital developmental disorders – types, causes, pathogenesis, consequences


 * B.1. Circulatory System


 * 1) Vasculitis
 * 2) Aneurysms
 * 3) Atherosclerosis
 * 4) Diseases of veins, varices
 * 5) Neoplasms of blood vessels
 * 6) Pathology of lymphatic vessels
 * 7) Congenital heart defects
 * 8) Ischemic heart disease
 * 9) Hypertension, heart in hypertension
 * 10) Pathology of pulmonary circulation
 * 11) Diseases of endocardium
 * 12) Rheumatic heart disease
 * 13) Infectious endocarditis
 * 14) Noninfectious endocarditides
 * 15) Valvular defects
 * 16) Diseases of myocardium
 * 17) Diseases of pericardium
 * 18) Age related heart diseases
 * 19) Neoplasms of heart


 * B.2. Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems


 * 1) Anemias
 * 2) Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
 * 3) Myelodysplastic syndromes
 * 4) Leukemias
 * 5) Plasma cell neoplasms and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases
 * 6) Hemorrhagic diseases
 * 7) Inborn disorders of blood coagulation
 * 8) Acquired disorders of blood coagulation
 * 9) Lymphadenitides
 * 10) Non-inflammatory lymphadenopathies
 * 11) Neoplasms of lymph nodes and extranodal lymphatic tissue (lymphomas)
 * 12) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
 * 13) Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)
 * 14) Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * 15) Splenomegaly
 * 16) Diseases of thymus


 * B.3. Respiratory System


 * 1) Non-neoplastic diseases of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
 * 2) Tumours of nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
 * 3) Non-neoplastic diseases of larynx and trachea
 * 4) Tumours of larynx and trachea
 * 5) Bronchitis, bronchostenosis and bronchiectasia
 * 6) Astma bronchiale
 * 7) Disorders of lung aeration
 * 8) Disorders of lung circulation
 * 9) Lung edema
 * 10) Pulmonary trombembolism
 * 11) Diffuse alveolar damage
 * 12) Lung inflammation - classification
 * 13) Bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia
 * 14) Interstitial pneumonias
 * 15) Granulomatous lung inflammation
 * 16) Pneumoconioses
 * 17) Lung tumours
 * 18) Pathology content of the pleural cavity
 * 19) Pleuritis
 * 20) Tumours of the pleural cavity


 * B.4. Gastrointestinal System


 * 1) Oral cavity – regressive and metabolic changes, pigmentation
 * 2) Acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity
 * 3) Chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity
 * 4) Tumours and pseudotumours of the oral soft tissues
 * 5) Orofacial epithelial neoplasms
 * 6) Developmental disorders of dentice
 * 7) Dental caries
 * 8) Pulpitis Periodontitis Parodontopathies
 * 9) Head and neck cysts
 * 10) Odontogenic tumours
 * 11) Non-neoplastic salivary gland diseases
 * 12) Neoplasms of salivary glands
 * 13) Diseases of pharynx and tonsils
 * 14) Non-neoplastic diseases of esophagus
 * 15) Tumours of esophagus
 * 16) Gastritis
 * 17) Peptic ulcer
 * 18) Neoplasms of stomach
 * 19) Diverticula
 * 20) Malabsorption syndromes
 * 21) Infectious inflammations of intestine
 * 22) Idiopathic inflammations of intestine
 * 23) Appendicitis
 * 24) Disorders of the bowel integrity and position
 * 25) Ileus
 * 26) Neoplasms of intestine
 * 27) Diseases of peritoneum
 * 28) Hernias
 * 29) Disorders of the liver development
 * 30) Regressive changes of the liver (necrosis, apoptosis, storage diseases, jaundice …)
 * 31) Metabolic liver diseases
 * 32) Icterus and cholestasis
 * 33) Viral and autoimmune hepatitides
 * 34) Immune inflammatory diseases of the intrahepatic biliary ducts
 * 35) Drug and chemicals related hepatopathies
 * 36) Liver cirrhosis
 * 37) Neoplasms and pseudotumours of the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree
 * 38) Non-neoplastic diseases of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
 * 39) Neoplasms of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts
 * 40) Non-neoplastic diseases of pancreas
 * 41) Neoplasms of pancreas


 * B.5. Excretory System


 * 1) Developmental renal diseases
 * 2) Diseases of renal tubules and interstitium
 * 3) Morphology features of “benign” and malignant hypertension in kidney
 * 4) Atherosclerosis, infarction, and cortical necrosis in kidney
 * 5) Vasculitides affecting the kidney
 * 6) Diabetic nephropathy (glomerulosclerosis and other diabetes related kidney diseases)
 * 7) Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
 * 8) Glomerulopathies with nephrotic syndrome
 * 9) Diseases of glomerules manifesting with hematuria
 * 10) Systemic lupus erythematodes and its kidney manifestation
 * 11) Kidney transplantation and rejection morphology
 * 12) Neoplasms of kidney
 * 13) Non-neoplastic diseases of the urinary tract
 * 14) Neoplasms of the urinary tract


 * B.6. Male Genital System


 * 1) Non-neoplastic diseases of penis and scrotum
 * 2) Neoplasms of penis and scrotum
 * 3) Non-neoplastic diseases of testis
 * 4) Neoplasms of testis
 * 5) Non-neoplastic diseases of prostate and seminal vesicles
 * 6) Neoplasms of prostate and seminal vesicles


 * B.7. Female Genital System and Breast


 * 1) Non-neoplastic diseases of vulva
 * 2) Neoplasms of vulva
 * 3) Non-neoplastic diseases of vagina
 * 4) Neoplasms of vagina
 * 5) Non-neoplastic diseases of uterine cervix
 * 6) Cervical precanceroses
 * 7) Neoplasms of uterine cervix
 * 8) Non-neoplastic diseases of uterine body
 * 9) Neoplasms of uterine body
 * 10) Diseases of salpinx
 * 11) Ovarian cysts
 * 12) Epithelial ovarian neoplasms
 * 13) Germinal tumours of ovary
 * 14) Gonadostromal and mixed tumours o ovary
 * 15) Diseases of placenta
 * 16) Pathology of pregnancy
 * 17) Non-neoplastic diseases of breast
 * 18) Neoplasms of breast
 * 19) Diseases of male breast


 * B.8. Nervous System


 * 1) Brain edema, hydrocephalus
 * 2) Disorders of the CNS circulation - ischemia, hemorrhage
 * 3) Intermeningeal bleeding
 * 4) Fractures of the skull, brain commotion and contusion
 * 5) Meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis
 * 6) Degenerative diseases of CNS
 * 7) Demyelinisation diseases
 * 8) Prion diseases
 * 9) Epilepsy - epileptic syndrome
 * 10) Perinatal CNS damage
 * 11) Neoplasms of brain and meninges


 * B.9. Musculoskeletal System


 * 1) Disorders of the skeletal development
 * 2) Rickets and osteomalacia
 * 3) Osteitis fibrosa cystica and renal osteopathy
 * 4) Bone atrophy: osteopenia and osteoporosis
 * 5) Necrosis of bone
 * 6) Fractures and their healing
 * 7) Bone inflammation
 * 8) Tumours and tumour-like lesions of bone
 * 9) Non-neoplastic diseases of joints
 * 10) Pseudotumours and tumours of joints
 * 11) Diseases of tendons and tendon sheaths
 * 12) Diseases of muscles


 * B.10. Endocrine System


 * 1) Non-neoplastic diseases of the pituitary gland
 * 2) Neoplasms of the pituitary gland
 * 3) Diseases of pineal gland
 * 4) Non-neoplastic thyroid diseases and thyroidal syndromes
 * 5) Neoplasms of thyroid gland
 * 6) Non-neoplastic diseases of parathyroid glands and parathyroidal syndromes
 * 7) Neoplasms of the parathyroid gland
 * 8) Non-neoplastic diseases of adrenal cortex
 * 9) Neoplasms of adrenal cortex
 * 10) Adrenocortical syndromes
 * 11) Diseases of adrenal medulla and related syndromes
 * 12) Diseases of Langerhans islets and related syndromes


 * B.11. Integumentary System


 * 1) Non-infectious inflammations of the skin
 * 2) Infectious inflammations of the skin
 * 3) Inflammations of hair follicles
 * 4) Benign neoplasms of the skin (epithelial and mesenchymal)
 * 5) Malignant neoplasms of the skin (epithelial and mesenchymal)
 * 6) Pigmented nevi and melanoma


 * B.12. Perinatal Pathology


 * 1) Mors praenatalis and mors neonatalis
 * 2) Perinatal injuries
 * 3) Early and late asphyxia syndrome
 * 4) Neonatal brain bleeding, necrotizing enterocolitis and other complications of perinatal period