Psychotherapy - elementary schools

Psychoanalysis

 * founder: Sigmund Freud
 * drew attention to the unconscious component of the human psyche
 * emphasized the importance of drive forces (sexual drive and destructive drive)
 * created a theory of pregenital infantile sexuality (oral, sadistic-anal and phallic)
 * defined the Oedipus complex
 * castration complex – boy's fear of losing his penis
 * 3 theoretical models of personality


 * trauma model – assumes that psychotraumatic experiences lead to difficulties
 * topographical model – distinguishes unconsciousness, preconsciousness and consciousness; during treatment the unconscious becomes conscious
 * structural model - "id" ono - drive component; "superego" - superego, ideals, ethics; "ego" - self, regulation of mental life; conflict causes neuroses


 * during psychoanalysis there is an insight into things in the unconscious, an awareness of intrapsychic conflicts
 * elaborated methods of free association, dream analysis
 * new currents of psychoanalysis
 * ego psychology (study of the development of the psyche in the first years of a child's life, especially the first 3 - the basis of the main personality traits)
 * psychology of object relations (deviation from drives to relations)
 * self psychology (self concept)

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

 * it is important for a person to achieve application and promotion in society during his life
 * when it doesn't work - a feeling of inferiority
 * neurosis is an attempt to compensate for this inferiority
 * the great importance of sibling relationships

CG Jung's Analytical Psychology

 * came out of Freud's psychoanalysis
 * claimed that there is still a so-called collective unconscious, it includes cultural experiences - so-called archetypes - persona (the role of the individual), shadow (spontaneity, creativity), animus (male elements in the female psyche), anima (the presence of female elements in the male psyche ), self (entire personality)
 * life has two components - socialization, individuation
 * course of psychotherapy :
 * both sitting in chairs, discussing the patient's emerging feelings and thoughts
 * attention is paid to dreams, they have a symbolic language
 * active imagination – developing ideas related to the patient's problem

Rogerian psychotherapy

 * it does not focus on the patient's past, but on his present
 * assumes that a person has the potential for further positive development
 * empathy

Behavioral psychotherapy

 * learning process research, builds on learning theories (Skinner)
 * deals with the manifestation of psychological disorders in behavior, tries to eliminate them using the learning method, the behavior will change and this will change the intrapsychic problem
 * desensitization method – the patient calms down, relaxes and imagines fear-inducing things (treatment of phobias)
 * selective reinforcement technique - reward, punishment
 * practicing assertive behavior
 * it's not that time consuming

Cognitive behavioral therapy

 * newer direction
 * expands the original focus of behavioral therapy, focusing on the learning process and its use in treatment
 * takes thought processes, opinions and attitudes into account
 * assumes that a change in thinking can be induced by a change in behavior
 * constructivist paradigm – a person's view of the world is his own product, which corresponds to the individual's experience
 * the task of therapy is to change the construction, i.e. the view of the world
 * the patient is given tasks that lead to a change in his thought stereotypes
 * goals are predetermined - we need to precisely define thought processes, this is what cognitive-behavioral examination is for
 * change of attributes - reattribution (e.g. someone doesn't respond to your greeting, we think he is ill-mannered, then reattribution occurs and we start taking other possibilities into account - the other person's fatigue, he is deaf, dumb, etc.)

Existential psychotherapy

 * emphasizes the uniqueness of a person's personality

Dasein analysis

 * aims to understand human existence, the uniqueness of each patient's problem, the patient should be himself
 * is close to philosophy

Logotherapy

 * it is based on the opinion that the main value of a person is to find the meaning of life
 * helps to find the meaning of life, escape from existential frustration
 * even for people with physical disabilities, they try to find a purpose in life

Transpersonal psychotherapy

 * emphasizes the spiritual dimension of a person, is interested in experiences created during an altered state of consciousness (hallucinogens, holotropic breathing, ...), feelings from prenatal life

An eclectic and integrative concept of psychotherapy

 * a combination of different schools

Dynamic and Interpersonal Psychotherapy

 * is based on psychoanalysis, accepts some of its starting points (unconscious, intrapsychological conflict from childhood)
 * emphasizes the importance of current social factors, problems in relationships
 * disagrees with the meaning Freud gives to drives and sexuality
 * the problem in relationships is due to maladaptive behavior that tends to be related to childhood experiences
 * helps to understand his contribution to the problem
 * helps to understand the connection between past events and current problems
 * he should understand it, gain new experience in relationships
 * corrective emotional experience – the patient encounters a different reaction than he was used to (parents underestimated him, psychotherapist appreciates him, ...)

Related Articles

 * Psychotherapy

Source

 * BENEŠ, Jiří. Study materials  [online]. [feeling. 2010]. < http://www.jirben.cz >.